Table 3. Results of the univariable and multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses evaluating associations of biological factors and social-cultural factors, psychological factors and health, and behavioral factors with recreational nitrous oxide use.
| Univariable modela | Multivariable modelb | |
|---|---|---|
| Biological factors and social-cultural factors | OR (95% CI)* | OR (95% CI)* |
| Age (in years) | 0.97 (0.73; 1.27) | 0.90 (0.65; 1.24) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.06 (0.67; 1.67) | 0.87 (0.50; 1.51) |
| Ethnic background | ||
| Dutch | Ref. | Ref. |
| Non-Dutch | 1.74 (1.08; 2.80) | 2.10 (1.22; 3.61) |
| School level | ||
| Senior secondary and pre-university | Ref. | Ref. |
| Pre-vocational | 2.66 (1.62; 4.38) | 1.88 (1.06; 3.34) |
| Living situation | ||
| With both parents | Ref. | Ref. |
| Not with both parents | 1.82 (1.14; 2.91) | 1.45 (0.85; 2.46) |
| Psychological factors and health | ||
| Internalizing problems (range 0–20)c | 1.10 (1.03; 1.19) | 1.04 (0.94; 1.15) |
| Externalizing problems (range 0–20)c | 1.20 (1.12; 1.29) | 1.10 (1.01; 1.20) |
| Mental wellbeing (range 14–70)d | 0.96 (0.93; 0.99) | 1.00 (0.97; 1.03) |
| Sickness absence from school | ||
| 0 days/4 weeks | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 day/4 weeks | 1.32 (0.72; 2.40) | 1.20 (0.62; 2.32) |
| ≥ 2 days/4 weeks | 1.69 (0.99; 2.90) | 1.11 (0.60; 2.04) |
| Behavioral factors | ||
| Truancy | ||
| 0 days/4 weeks | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 day/4 weeks | 4.04 (1.85; 8.83) | 1.60 (0.65; 3.96) |
| Binge drinkinge | ||
| 0 times/4 weeks | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 time/4 weeks | 1.84 (0.84; 4.01) | 1.25 (0.53; 2.97) |
| ≥ 2 times/4 weeks | 4.77 (2.79; 8.16) | 2.49 (1.25; 4.94) |
| Lifetime cigarette smoking | ||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 time | 4.22 (2.63; 6.79) | 1.68 (0.86; 3.25) |
| Lifetime cannabis use | ||
| Never | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 time | 4.05 (2.45; 6.71) | 1.98 (1.03; 3.79) |
Note: bold numbers indicate a statistically significant (p<0.05) association. Nitrous oxide use was entered as an ordinal variable ranging from never used, used one time, used ≥ two times.
*Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) from ordinal logistic regression analyses. Missing items: age [0], gender [0], ethnic background [0], living situation [0], internalizing problems [4], externalizing problems [4], mental well-being [0], sickness absence [0], truancy [0], binge drinking [2], lifetime cigarette smoking [1], lifetime cannabis use [3].
a The predictor variables were entered separately in the univariable model.
b The predictor variables were entered simultaneously in the multivariable model.
c As measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).
d As measured with the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS).
e Binge drinking was defined as consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion.