Table 3.
Key results and quality assessments for studies investigating household composition (n=7), household tenure (n=4) and household rurality (n=7), structured per social determinant
| Risk of Bias§ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author (Year) | Key results | Selection | Information (Exposure) | Information (Outcome) | Confounding | |||
| Household composition | ||||||||
| Agborsangaya (2012)61 | Yes No |
OR 2.11¶ (1.60–2.78) Data not available |
Living with children vs not living with children Living with adults vs not living with adults |
Age, sex, education and household income | H | M | M | L |
| Cantarero-Prieto (2018)70 | Yes | OR 1.20 (1.04–1.39, p<0.05) | Living alone vs cohabits | Unclear | U | U | M | U |
| Henchoz (2019)37 | Yes | OR 1.40* (1.21–1.61) | Living alone vs cohabits | No adjustment | U | M | M | M |
| Melis (2014)45 | No | OR 1.34 (0.60–3.01) | Living alone vs cohabits | No adjustment | U | M | L | H |
| Mounce (2018)47 | No | HR 0.93 (0.71–1.21, p=0.580) | Living alone vs cohabits | Baseline age, sex, total wealth, educational attainment, health behaviours, social detachment and locus of control | U | M | M | L |
| Prazeres (2015)52 | No | OR 1.4§ (0.9–2.3, p=0.182) OR 1.0§ (0.6–1.7, p=0.985) OR 1.3§ (0.7–2.6, p=0.410) |
Living as a couple vs alone Living as extended family vs alone Living in other situation (inc. care home) vs alone |
Age, sex, marital status, education, professional status, residence area, living arrangement | H | M | L | L |
| Schäfer (2012)60 | No | −0.10 conditions (−0.42–0.23, p=0.562) 0.24 conditions (−0.14–0.62, p=0.210) −0.01 conditions (−0.59–0.57, p=0.231) |
Living at home with spouse vs home alone Living at home with family members or others vs home alone Living in assisted living or retirement home vs home alone |
Age, gender, marital status, job autonomy, household composition, income | H | M | L | U |
| Household tenure | ||||||||
| Chung(2015)65 | Yes | OR 1.17 (1.11–1.24, p=0.003) OR 1.19 (1.09–1.29, p=0.041) OR 1.11 (1.05–1.18, p=0.070) |
Homeowner vs public (social) housing Private renting vs public (social) housing Subsidised housing vs public (social) housing |
Age, gender, education, housing, employment | H | M | M | L |
| Johnson-Lawrence (2017)69 | Yes | OR 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | Renters vs homeowners | Age, gender, ethnicity, education, interview year, region, marital status, last doctor visit, employment, household income | U | M | H | L |
| Lebenbaum(2018)66 | Yes | OR 0.82 (0.78–0.87, p<0.001) | Homeowners vs non-homeowners | Age, age2, sex, marital status, immigration status, education, rurality, homeownership, smoking, alcohol use | L | M | H | L |
| Schäfer (2012)60 | No | −0.13 conditions (−0.30–0.05, p=0.148) | Homeowners vs non-homeowners | Age, gender, marital status, job autonomy, household composition, income | H | M | L | U |
| Rurality | ||||||||
| Cantarero-Prieto (2018)70 | No | OR 0.92 (0.93–1.03, p>0.1) | Living in rural vs non-rural areas | Unclear | U | U | M | U |
| Foguet-Boreu (2014)36 | Yes | OR 1.04*,** (1.03–1.05) | Living in rural (<10 000 inhabitants and/or population density <150 people/km2) vs non-rural areas | Unadjusted | U | L | L | U |
| Lebenbaum (2018)66 | No | OR 0.98 (0.93–1.02, p=0.323) | Rural vs non-rural areas | Age, age2, sex, marital status, immigration status, education, rurality, homeownership, smoking, alcohol use | L | M | H | L |
| Lujic (2017)43 | Yes | OR 1.14† (1.03–1.26) | Living in remote/very remote areas (vs major cities) | Age and sex | H | M | M | M |
| Prazeres (2015)52 | No | OR 1.0‡ (0.8–1.3, p=0.746) | Living in rural vs urban areas | Age, sex, marital status, education, professional status, residence area, living arrangement | H | M | L | L |
| Roberts (2015)53 | Yes | OR 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | Living in rural vs urban areas | Age, sex, household education, household income, Aboriginal status, activity level, smoking, stress, blood pressure, obesity | H | M | H | M |
| Ryan (2018)54 | Yes | OR 0.85* (0.85–0.86) | Living in rural (<10 000 inhabitants) vs non-rural areas | Age-sex standardised | L | L | L | M |
*OR calculated from data reported in paper.
†Based on self-reported health data. Findings consistent across hospital and medication health data.
‡Multimorbidity defined as ≥2 chronic conditions.
§H, High; M, Medium; L, Low; U, Unclear.
¶Associations greater for 65+.
**Inequalities similar with gender and greater≥45 years.