Figure 4.

Mating frequency of adolescent and young adult males and nulliparous and parous females, plotted as a function of the number of times the male in a pair directed aggression to the female. Lines illustrate predictions of mating frequency based on coefficient estimates from the best-approximating models (figure 3, electronic supplementary material, tables S2 and S3) for an adolescent (set to 9 years) and a young adult (set to 20 years) with: (a) a nulliparous female with whom he had a ‘strong bond’, set as grooming for the maximum amount of time in this dataset; (b) parous female with whom he had a ‘strong bond’, defined as in (a); (c) nulliparous female with whom he never groomed and (d) a parous female with whom he never groomed. Association values, oestrous time and observation effort are set to the mean values in the dataset for all prediction lines. Male age and grooming time were continuous variables.