Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Patients
| Characteristics | Total (n=384) |
Patients with events (n=175) |
Patients without events (n=209) |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 76 (67~84) | 79 (72~86) | 73 (64~82) | <0.0001 |
| Male sex | 57% | 57% | 58% | 0.7943 |
| Etiology | 0.0005 | |||
| DCM | 25% | 18% | 30% | |
| ICM | 24% | 30% | 20% | |
| VHD | 9% | 13% | 5% | |
| Other | 42% | 39% | 45% | |
| Hypertension | 81% | 83% | 78% | 0.2204 |
| CAD | 37% | 45% | 31% | 0.0049 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 43% | 45% | 41% | 0.4316 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 48% | 50% | 46% | 0.4498 |
| COPD | 23% | 22% | 23% | 0.6870 |
| Anemia | 62% | 75% | 51% | <0.0001 |
| Prior HF hospitalization | 19% | 31% | 10% | <0.0001 |
| LVEF at admission (%) | 39 (30~53) | 41 (30~57) | 39 (30~50) | 0.1371 |
| LVEF <45% | 61% | 57% | 64% | |
| LVEF ≥45% | 39% | 43% | 36% | |
| Category of HF | 0.1045 | |||
| HFrEF | 52% | 48% | 55% | |
| HFmrEF | 17% | 16% | 19% | |
| HFpEF | 31% | 36% | 26% | |
| CS classification | 0.0305 | |||
| CS1/CS2/CS3/CS5 | 61/34/4/1% | 56/37/6/1% | 65/32/2/1% | |
| SBP at admission (mmHg) | 148 (130~174) | 144 (125~169) | 150 (133~177) | 0.0167 |
| DBP at admission (mmHg) | 86 (72~102) | 78 (67~91) | 93 (79~108) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate at admission (beats/min) | 99 (82~122) | 90 (77~111) | 112 (92~130) | <0.0001 |
| BW | ||||
| At admission (kg) | 57 (49~67) | 53 (47~62) | 61 (51~71) | <0.0001 |
| At discharge (kg) | 51 (43~61) | 48 (42~55) | 54 (45~62) | 0.0001 |
| ΔBW (kg) | −6.0 (−8.9~−3.6) | −5.5 (−8.1~−3.3) | −6.2 (−9.2~−4.0) | 0.0293 |
| NYHA class III/IV at discharge | 28% | 41% | 17% | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| BUN at admission (mg/dL) | 23 (17~32) | 27 (21~39) | 19 (16~26) | <0.0001 |
| BUN at discharge (mg/dL) | 25 (18~36) | 30 (22~44) | 22 (16~29) | <0.0001 |
| Serum sodium at admission (mEq/L) | 139 (137~141) | 139 (136~141) | 140 (137~142) | 0.0037 |
| Serum sodium at discharge (mEq/L) | 139 (136~141) | 138 (135~140) | 140 (137~141) | 0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine at admission (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9~1.5) | 1.3 (1.0~1.9) | 1.0 (0.8~1.3) | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine at discharge (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9~1.6) | 1.3 (1.0~1.9) | 1.0 (0.8~1.3) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR at admission (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 45 (31~60) | 36 (24~50) | 52 (40~65) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR at discharge (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 44 (30~59) | 35 (23~49) | 51 (37~63) | <0.0001 |
| Plasma BNP at admission (pg/mL) | 734 (460~1,280) | 835 (486~1,335) | 699 (445~1,188) | 0.1103 |
| Plasma BNP at discharge (pg/mL) | 204 (102~401) | 249 (125~501) | 182 (84~326) | 0.0001 |
| Discharge medication and device therapy | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 86% | 87% | 85% | 0.6357 |
| ACEI/ARB | 55% | 43% | 65% | <0.0001 |
| β-blocker | 89% | 85% | 92% | 0.0377 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 34% | 41% | 28% | 0.0079 |
| Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | 4% | 8% | 1% | 0.0019 |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 4% | 6% | 1% | 0.0117 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or %. Events represent all-cause death and unplanned hospitalization for worsening HF. *P values are based on comparisons between patients with and without events. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blocker; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; BW, body weight (ΔBW, change in body weight between admission and discharge); CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CS, Clinical Scenario; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; HFmrEF, HF with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF, HF with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, HF with reduced ejection fraction; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VHD, valvular heart disease.