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. 2021 Feb 18;11:4069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83396-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Live imaging of ERK-induced collective cell migration (a). Visualization of ERK activity during wound-healing in epithelial MDCK cell sheet expressing the FRET-based biosensor of ERK. Snapshots are presented at 1 h (upper panel) and 9 h (lower panel) after scratching. Red and blue colors indicate high and low ERK activity, respectively. Note that the cytosol is not visualized, since the FRET-based biosensor is localized only in the nucleus^6,10. (b) A kymograph of ERK activity images in a band region of interest indicated by the white box in (a). (c) A schematic representation of ERK-mediated collective cell migration. Cells migrate toward the opposite direction of the ERK wave. The cellular volume and mobility are increased by ERK activation.