Table 2.
Explanatory factors mental health for women and men from the three cohorts.
| References | Designa | N | Waveb | Main resultse |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grabe et al. (59) | CS | 976 | SHIP-0 (non-random) | ° Low social support associated with high mental and physical distress (f). ° Chronic diseases associated with high mental and physical distress (f, m). °S/s-genotype and s/l-genotype on serotonin transporter gene (5-HT) and unemployment related to higher mental and physical distress compared to l/l genotype (f). °S/s-genotype and s/l-genotype on the 5-HT and chronic diseases related to higher mental and physical distress compared to l/l genotype (f). |
| von Lengerke et al. (60) | CS | 947 | KORA-Survey-2000 | ° No differences between f and m in associations between different weight groups and mental health-related quality of life (HRQL). |
| Grabe et al. (61) | CS | 1,059 | SHIP-0 (subjects aged ≥ 60) | ° More years in school, respectively 12 (f) or 10 (f, m) related to better mental status for older people. ° For older people, higher income, respectively in the 3rd quintile (m) or in the 4th and 5th quintile (f, m) related to better mental status. ° Five or more children associated with worse mental status (older f, m). ° A smaller number of teeth negatively associated with mental status (older f). |
| Lucht et al. (62) | CS | 406 | SHIP-I | ° Oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) rs53576 A/A associated with less positive affect (m). |
| Wiczinski et al. (63) | CS | 2,732 | KORA F3 | ° Normal weight more often present in younger and higher educated people (f, m). ° Not living with partner related to a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (m). ° Statutory health insurance associated with a higher BMI (f). ° Higher BMI (direction obese) associated with lower physical HRQL (f, m). ° Interaction between social support and BMI on physical HRQL (m). ° No association between BMI and mental HRQL (f, m). |
| Grabe et al. (64) | CS | 1,638 | SHIP-LEGENDc | ° No interaction effect of emotional neglect and Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRHR1) gene on depression (f, m). ° No interaction effect of abuse and CRHR1 gene on depression (f, m). ° For male interaction effect of physical neglect and CRHR1 gene on depression. |
| Ladwig et al. (65) | CS | 3,079 | KORA F3 | ° Low net income, physical inactivity, high level of somatic complaints and pulmonary disease symptoms associated with suicidal ideation (SID) (f, m). ° Unemployment, living alone, cigarette smoking, medium level of somatic complaints, myocardial infarction associated with SID (m). |
| Ladwig et al. (66) | CS | 11,895 | MONICA S1 MONICA S2 MONICA S3 | ° High cholesterol, obesity, hypertension, low alcohol consumption and diabetes mellitus related to excessive symptom reporting (ESR) (f, m). ° No partner (f), lower educational level and higher unemployment (f, m) associated with ESR. ° Diseases (metabolic syndrome, circulatory diseases, bronchial diseases, cancer and other diseases) related to ESR (f, m). ° Regular sleep disturbances, not a good health perception and psychological symptoms related to ESR (f, m). |
| Grabe et al. (67) | CS | 4,308 | SHIP-0 | ° Confirmation of findings of the original paper of Grabe et al. (59) with an updated sample. |
| Häfner et al. (68) | CS | 1,547 | MONICA S1 MONICA S2 MONICA S3 | ° Depression associated with social isolation (f), physical inactivity (m) and lower BMI (m). ° Inflammatory marker high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) not associated with depression or social isolation. °Hs-CRP levels higher for people with depression and social isolation (m). ° Inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6) associated with social isolation (m). ° IL-6 levels higher for people with depression and social isolation (m). |
| Häfner et al. (69) | CS | 1,229 | MONICA S1 MONICA S2 MONICA S3 | ° Higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels associated with social isolation and (no) depression (m). ° Higher leptin levels associated with social isolation/integration and depression (m). ° Smoking (m) and no partner (f) associated with social isolation (regardless of having depression). ° No partner (m) and higher age (f) associated with social isolation without depression. ° Sleeping disorder, high somatic complaints and negative self-perceived health associated with depression (regardless social isolation or integration) (f, m). ° Physically inactivity related to social isolation (regardless of having depression) (f, m) and to social integration and having depression (m). |
| Schunk et al. (70) | CS | 9,579 | KORA S4 SHIP-0 | ° Type 2 diabetes related to lower score on mental HRQL (f). ° No differences in associations between no Type 2 diabetes and mental HRQL (f, m). |
| Grabe et al. (41) | CS | 2,035 | SHIP-LEGENDc | ° A three way interaction between (1) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Met allele, (2) biallelic/triallelic 5-HTTLPR ss-allele and (3) non/mild childhood abuse influenced depression (f). |
| Häfner et al. (43) | CS | 1,369 | MONICA S1 MONICA S2 MONICA S3 | ° No associations between leptin levels and depressed mood or sleep disturbances (f, m). ° Associations between leptin levels and an interaction between depressed mood and sleep disturbances (f). ° Higher leptin levels related to depressed mood and sleep disturbances in normal weight people (f). ° For people with obesity and elevated leptin levels no associations between higher leptin levels and depressed mood and sleep disturbances (f). |
| Lukaschek et al. (71) | CS | 3,080 | KORA S4 | ° Combat or war zone (f, m), non-sexual assaults by known assailants (f, m), experience of interpersonal conflict (m), sexual assaults by known assailant (m) and life threatening diseases (f) important factors for development of full Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). ° For men experience of interpersonal conflict (f, m), life threatening illness (f, m), having a serious accident (m) and sexual or non-sexual assaults by known assailants (f) important factors for development of partial PTSD. |
| Schomerus et al. (72) | CS | 395 | SHIP-0 SHIP-I SHIP-LEGENDc |
° No differences between f and m in the association between childhood abuse, personality traits and resilience and help-seeking for depression. |
| Wiltink et al. (73) | CS | 5,000 | GHS BL | ° Obesity measure waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) positively related with depression and somatic-affective symptoms (m). ° Obesity measures BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) negatively related to cognitive-affective symptoms (f). ° Obesity measure waist circumference (WC) negatively associated with cognitive-affective symptoms (m). |
| Emeny et al. (74) | CS | 985 | KORA-AGEd | ° Higher levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) associated with higher well-being (elderly f). ° Higher insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-I) levels associated with more depression (elderly f). ° No relation between IGFBP-3 and depression (elderly f, m). ° Active elderly f with the highest IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels higher well-being than inactive elderly f with similar IGF-I levels and IGFBP-3 levels. |
| Hunger et al. (75) | CS & LS | 1,046 | KORA S4 KORA F4 |
° People of 55 years and older with prediabetes at baseline and diabetes at follow-up scored lower on mental HRQL than people with persistent prediabetes (m). ° People of 55 years and older with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline and prediabetes at follow-up scored lower on mental HRQL than people with NGT at follow-up (f). |
| Klug et al. (76) | CS | 969 | KORA-AGEd | ° For elderly people higher attachment (m) and lower loneliness (f, m) scores related to not having late life depression. |
| Laxy et al. (77) | LS | 3,080 | KORA S4 KORA F4 |
° Heavy weight gain associated with impairments in physical health (f, obese m) and improvements in mental health (f). |
| Sievers et al. (78) | CS & LS | 4,079 (CS) 3,141 (LS) | SHIP-0 SHIP-I |
° Low IGF-I levels (f) and high IGF-I levels (m) predict incidence of depressive disorders. |
| Zebhauser et al. (49) | CS | 1,022 | KORA-AGEd | ° People older than 85 years experience more loneliness than people between 64 and 84 years (f, m). ° Elderly women (>85) experience more loneliness than elderly men. ° For older people associations between a small social network and loneliness (f, m). ° Older age related physical limitations mostly not associated with loneliness (f, m). ° Inactivity related to loneliness (elderly f). ° Depression and anxiety associated with loneliness (elderly f, m). ° More life satisfaction and stronger resilience associated with not being lonely (elderly f, m). |
| Baumeister et al. (79) | LS | 4,228 (SHIP-0) 4,251 (SHIP-T) |
SHIP-0 SHIP-Trend | ° Relative increase of depressive symptoms between 1997–2001 and 2008–2012 stronger for men than for women. ° Strongest change of depressive symptoms between 1997–2001 and 2008–2012 in age group 50–64 years (f, m); smallest change in age group 20–34 years (f, m). ° No difference in prevalence of depressive symptoms between 2008–2012 and 1997–2001 (f, m). |
| Johar et al. (80) | CS | 733 | KORA-AGEd | ° Lower morning to evening cortisol ratio associated with cognitive impairment (elderly m). ° Late evening cortisol measures and cortisol awakening response (CAR) not associated with cognitive impairment (elderly f, m). |
| Schunk et al. (81) | CS | 846 | KORA S4 SHIP-0 |
° Using oral diabetic medication, insulin diabetic medication or oral and insulin diabetic medication associated with lower mental HRQL (f). |
| Lukaschek et al. (82) | CS | 3602 | KORA-AGEd | ° For elderly low income, anxiety, depression, sleeping problems, physical inactivity and multi-morbidity associated with low subjective well-being (f, m). ° Living alone associated with low subjective well-being (elderly f). |
| Rabel et al. (83) | CS & LS | 3,080 | KORA S4 KORA F4 KORA FF4 |
° Women with a higher BMI later in life less physical HRQL than men. ° Women with no or low physical activity later in life less mental HRQL than men. |
| Beutel et al. (55) | LS | 12,061 | GHS BL GHS FU 2 |
° Cancer, loneliness, social phobia and generalized anxiety risk factors for new onset of depression (f). ° Smoking and life events risk factors for new onset of depression (m). ° Social support associated with less new onset of depression (f, m). |
| Beutel et al. (57) | CS | 7,974 | GHS FU 2 | ° Lack of social support, adverse life events, depression, generalized anxiety, panic and social phobia strongest predictors for somatic symptoms (f, m). ° Loneliness predictor for somatic symptoms (f). |
a
CS, cross-sectional study; LS, longitudinal study.
b
SHIP-0 = 1997–2001, SHIP-I = 2002–2006, SHIP-LEGEND = 2007–2010, SHIP-Trend = 2008–2012, KORA S4 (1999–2001), KORA F3 = 2004–2005, KORA F4 (2006–2008), KORA FF4 (2013–2014), MONICA S1 = 1984–1985, MONICA S2 = 1989–1990, MONICA S3 = 1994–1995, GHS BL = 2007–2012, GHS FU 1 = 2009–2014, GHS FU 2 = 2012–2017.
c
SHIP-LEGEND is an add on study, based on the SHIP-0 cohort.
d
KORA-AGE includes MONICAS1, MONICAS2, MONICAS3 and KORA S4. Participants aged 65 years or older at the end of 2008 were selected.
e
f, female; m, male.