Table 5.
Median concentrations (IQR) of choline and related metabolites in colostrum and milk from apparently healthy Brazilian mothers.
| Analyte | A (mg/L) | IQR | B (mg/L) | IQR | C (mg/L) | IQR | p-value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choline | 12.9 | (10.0, 16.3) | 12.4 | (9.8, 20.3) | 15.7 | (11.7, 21.1) | 0.31 |
| PCho | 222 | (125, 241) | 191 | (150, 229) | 148 | (132, 181) | 0.037 |
| GPCho | 34.6a | (22.5, 54.9) | 82.6b | (58.3, 104) | 78.1b | (66.2, 106) | 0.006 |
| Betaine | 0.39 | (0.30, 0.48) | 0.42 | (0.23, 0.59) | 0.38 | (0.19, 0.49) | 0.80 |
| Carnitine | 5.04ab | (2.25, 5.34) | 4.53a | (3.85, 5.73) | 3.59b | (3.33, 4.10) | 0.051 |
| Creatinine | 3.56 | (3.26, 4.03) | 3.34 | (3.00, 4.25) | 3.36 | (2.87, 3.65) | 0.20 |
| DMG | 0.22a | (0.14, 0.32) | 0.38a | (0.27, 0.48) | 0.53b | (0.44, 0.60) | <0.001 |
| Methionine | 0.37a | (0.28, 0.52) | 0.58ab | (0.46, 0.87) | 0.70b | (0.61, 0.91) | 0.014 |
| TMAO | 0.15 | (0.09, 0.23) | 0.09 | (0.06, 0.19) | 0.09 | (0.06, 0.19) | 0.28 |
A: colostrum samples collected 2–8 days pp (n = 11); B: samples collected 28–50 days pp (n = 18); C: samples collected 88–119 days pp (n = 24); DMG, dimethylglycine; GPCho, glycerophosphocholine; IQR, interquartile range; PCho, phosphocholine; pp, postpartum; SD, standard deviation; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.
1
Overall significant differences (p < 0.05) were examined by Kruskal–Wallis test. Dunn's tests adjusted for multiple comparison by Bonferroni when Kruskal–Wallis indicated significant differences. Significant differences (Dunn's test) are indicated by different superscript letters.