Table 1.

Overview of the role CD40-CD40L and non-classical CD40L interactions in atherosclerosis

Interaction	Cell type	Effect
CD40-CD40L	Endothelial cell	• Increased expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin • Formation of net-like ultra-large vWF multimers • Production of inflammatory mediators, e.g. reactive oxygen species
	Platelet	• Increased formation of circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates • Platelet activation
	Monocyte	• Increased expression of CD18, CD11a, CD11b on inflammatory monocytes • Enhanced migratory potential of inflammatory monocytes • Increased production of cytokine and chemokine secretion, e.g. TNF, IL1β, IL6, CCL2, CCL5
	Macrophage	• Enhanced migratory potential • Increased production of cytokine and chemokine secretion, e.g. TNF, IL1β, IL6, CCL2, CCL5 • Enhanced foam cell formation • Production of matrix metalloproteinases, plaque destabilization
	Smooth muscle cells	• Increased expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin • Increased expression of chemokine receptors, e.g. CCR5, CCR1 • IL1β secretion
	Antigen presenting cell	• Enhanced co-stimulatory activity • Production of cytokines, e.g. IL6, IL12, TNF
CD40L-Mac-1	Monocyte	• Increased monocyte adhesion and recruitment to sites of inflammation • Cytokine secretion
CD40L-VLA-5	Monocyte, fibroblast, epithelial cell	• Increased production of cytokines and chemokines, e.g. IL1β, IL6, CCL2 • Production of matrix metalloproteinases
CD40L-αIIbβ3	Platelet	• Stabilization of arterial thrombi • Platelet activation • Secretion of platelet microparticles