Table 4.
Characteristics of the cohort divided in episodes diagnosed with definite IE and without definite IE. Significant differences in favor of definite IE are shown in italics
| Characteristics | IE (n = 27) | Non-IE (n = 91) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median (IQR)) | 65 (52–72) | 61 (44–76) | n/a | 0.75 |
| Sex (female) | 9 (33) | 32 (34) | 0.92 (0.37–2.3) | 0.86 |
| Charlson score (median (IQR)) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–3) | n/a | 0.09 |
| Community acquired | 24 (89) | 63 (72) | 3.6 (0.98–13) | 0.042 |
| Health care associated | 3 (11) | 24 (26) | 0.35 (0.10–1.3) | 0.10 |
| Nosocomial | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 1 | 0.57 |
| Duration of symptoms (median (IQR)) | 15 (5–60) | 3 (1–7) | n/a | < 0.001 |
| Duration of symptoms ≥ 7 days* | 18 (67) | 24 (26) | 5.6 (2.2–14) | < 0.001 |
| CIED | 6 (22) | 3 (3) | 8.4 (1.9–36) | 0.004 |
| Predisposition | 15 (56) | 15 (18) | 5.9 (2.3–15) | < 0.001 |
| Prosthetic valve | 11 (46) | 13 (14) | 4.1 (1.6–11) | 0.005 |
| Native valve disease | 5 (19) | 2 (2) | 10 (1.8–56) | 0.007 |
| Previous IE | 1 (4) | 2 (2) | 1.7 (0.15–20) | 0.54 |
| Intravenous drug use | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 | 1.0 |
| Prosthetic vascular graft | 1 (3) | 26 (5) | 0.63 (0.08–4.8) | 1.0 |
| Heart murmur | 9 (33) | 7 (8) | 6 (2.0–18) | 0.002 |
| Fever ≥ 38 degrees | 26 (96) | 66 (73) | 9.8 (1.3–76) | 0.009 |
| Embolization | 11 (41) | 2 (2) | 31 (6.2–151) | < 0.001 |
| Number of positive cultures ≥ 2 | 23 (85) | 44 (48) | 6.1 (2.0–19) | 0.001 |
| Only one species in culture | 27 (100) | 54 (59) | n/a | < 0.001 |
| Origin of infection, any | 2 (7) | 44 (48) | 0.08 (0.02–0.38) | 0.001 |
| Respiratory tract | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 | 1.0 |
| Gastrointestinal or biliary | 0 (0) | 26 (29) | 1 | 0.002 |
| Urinary tract infection | 0 (0) | 4 (4) | 1 | 0.57 |
| Tubo-ovarian abscess | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 | 1.0 |
| Wound infection | 0 (0) | 7 (8) | 1 | 0.35 |
| Mediastinitis | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | n/a | 0.23 |
| Oral infection | 2 (7) | 5 (5) | 1.4 (0.25–7.5) | 0.66 |
| Other focus | 1 (4) | 5(5) | 1.3 (0.25–7.3) | 0.73 |
| Joint infection | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 | 1.0 |
| Spondylodiscitis | 1 (4) | 2 (2) | 1.7 (0.15–20) | 0.54 |
| Vascular graft infection | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | 1 | 1.0 |
| Unknown origin of infection | 25 (93) | 47 (52) | 12 (2.6–52) | < 0.001 |
The odds ratios and their confidence intervals were calculated when applicable. The χ2 test was used when applicable and otherwise the p value of Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were analyzed with Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test
*Dichotomous variable used in the scores