Table 1.

Variable-based models and case-based models.

Variable-based models	Case-based models
Primarily used in quantitative research	Primarily used in qualitative research
Description of behaviors based on person-space	Description of individuals based on behavior-space
Abstraction from individuals to populations	Abstraction from behaviors to categories
Syntactic form: ∀i:yi = f(xi)	Syntactic form: ∃i : XYZi
Application to behaviors: induction	Application to behaviors: deduction
Application to cases: deduction	Application to cases: induction