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. 2021 Feb 5;9:637737. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.637737

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Copyright © 2021 Cargnoni, Papait, Masserdotti, Pasotti, Stefani, Silini and Parolini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunomodulatory effects of perinatal-MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs). The molecular content of perinatal MSC-EVs represented by proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids can strongly affect both the innate (neutrophils and macrophages) and adaptive immune response (T lymphocytes). Treg, T regulatory cell; Th1, T helper 1 cell; M1, macrophage type 1; M2, macrophage type 2; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B. Created with Biorender.com.