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. 2021 Feb 5;9:622459. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622459

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Copyright © 2021 Rodriguez-Casanova, Costa-Fraga, Bao-Caamano, López-López, Muinelo-Romay and Diaz-Lagares.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The epigenetic machinery. There are three fundamental epigenetic mechanisms, represented by (i) DNA modifications (methylation and hydroxymethylation), (ii) post-translational modifications of histones and nucleosome positioning, and (iii) non-coding RNAs. These epigenetic layers are highly interrelated among them and regulate gene expression of relevant biological processes in normal cells. However, these mechanisms can be deregulated in tumor cells leading to cancer development and progression. Me, methylation of histones; Ac, acetylation of histones; 5mC, 5-methylcytosine; 5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine; C, cytosine; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; circRNA, circular RNA. Created with BioRender.com.