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. 2021 Feb 18;12:1116. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21322-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — The (a) propulsion direction, (b) transverse direction, and (c) total velocity flow field for a microparticle not propelling. The (d) propulsion direction, (e) transverse direction, and (f) total velocity flow field for a microparticle that is propelling. The (g) radial, (h) azimuthal, and (i) total velocity flow field for a microparticle propelling away from the substrate (positive z-direction). Inward radial flow is consistent with secondary flows generated by hoop stresses. All μPIV experiments were performed close to the boundary (<100 µm, see Methods). Cyan arrows represent propulsion direction and magenta arrow represents rotation direction. Magenta circle is the microparticle. Color bars to the right represents percentage of velocity magnitude with respect to the maximum velocity magnitude. These experiments were repeated at least two other times and all results revealed similar profiles; the results in (g–i) were repeated in 0.25% polyacrylamide and can be found in Supplementary Note 12.