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. 2021 Feb 19;6:71. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00447-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Small-molecule ECH exerts neuroprotection via promoting mitochondrial fusion. a Chemical structure of echinacoside (ECH). b ECH increased cell viability and decreased LDH release against OGD/R-induced injury in PC12 cells. c ECH promoted mitochondrial fusion against OGD/R insult in PC12 cells. Arrows (red) indicate branched healthy mitochondria. Arrows (white) indicate spherical dysfunctional mitochondria (scale bar: 20 μm). d ECH reversed the fragmented mitochondria by promoting mitochondrial fusion, which was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Arrows (red) indicate healthy mitochondria. Arrows (black) indicate damaged mitochondria (scale bar: 0.5 μm). e ECH (10 μM) increased Mfn2 protein expression, which was analyzed by western blot. f ECH increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content against OGD/R-induced injury. g ECH blocked OGD/R-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which was detected by JC-1 staining. Arrows indicate depolarized mitochondria (scale bar: 100 μm). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. ^##P < 0.01 vs. control group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. OGD/R group