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. 2021 Feb 5;8:627927. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.627927

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Copyright © 2021 Xi, Zheng, Li, Jiang, Wu, Gong, Jie, Li, Cao, Sha, Zhang and Chong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Either the co-culture condition with aHSCs or their supernatant could independently induce the M2 macrophage differentiation. After 5 days culture, compared to the control group (M0 NC), the co-aHSC group highly expressed M2 phenotype specific proteins: CD163 (29.5 ± 6.1% vs. 2.7 ± 1.1%, P < 0.001) and CD206 (28.0 ± 4.2% vs. 2.4 ± 1.2%, P < 0.001). The aHSC supernatant group independently up-regulated the expression of CD163 and CD206 on macrophages as compared to the M0 NC group (26.1 ± 2.8% vs. 2.7 ± 1.1%, P < 0.001 and 25.8 ± 3.8% vs. 2.4 ± 1.2%, P < 0.001). These experiments were repeated at least three times.