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. 2021 Feb 18;11:4130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83093-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Human NK cells lack activation in presence of DBL2- or DBL3-specific Abs from pregnant women with malaria. NK cells were assessed for surface CD107a expression and intracellular IFNγ and TNFα production in the presence of VAR2CSA subdomains DBL2 (a–c) or DBL3 (d–f). Percentage of activation markers expressed by NK cells (mean of three separate donors) are shown. NK cells were stimulated with purified IgG Abs from pregnant women mid pregnancy with placental malaria (PM; N = 50; red) or from pregnant women with non-placental malaria (NP; N = 27; blue) at delivery in the presence of VAR2CSA subdomains DBL2 or DBL3. IgG Abs from malaria-naïve donors were used as negative control (N = 8; grey). Activation marker expression of NK cells incubated without Abs and median of SIV gp120-specific responses were subtracted as background. Statistical comparison between groups was performed using a Kruskal–Wallis test corrected for multiple comparisons using Dunn’s multiple comparison method (p-values are shown on graphs).