Table 3.
Multinomial regression for the association of factors with COVID-19-related or non-COVID-19-related emergency hospital admissions (HA) compared with the reference category of those not admitted (n=223 074)
| CHA | NCHA | CHA vs NCHA | |
| Number (% of population) | 930 (0.4%) | 4628 (2%) | |
| Gender (male) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7), p<0.001 | ns, p=0.48 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5), p<0.001 |
| Age category Q2 (30–40) | 2.7 (1.5 to 5), p<0.01 | 1.2 (1 to 1.3), p<0.05 | 2.2 (1.2 to 4), p<0.05 |
| Age category Q3 (41–51) | 5.1 (2.9 to 9), p<0.001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6), p<0.001 | 3.2 (1.8 to 5.8), p<0.001 |
| Age category Q4 (52–65) | 7.8 (4.6 to 13.4), p<0.001 | 1.7 (1.5 to 1.9), p<0.001 | 3.7 (2.1 to 6.5), p<0.001 |
| Age category Q5 (66–113) | 16.6 (9.7 to 28.3), p<0.001 | 2.9 (2.5 to 3.3), p<0.001 | 4.7 (2.7 to 8.1), p<0.001 |
| IMD category Q2 (16.5–27.7) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.2), p<0.001 | 2 (1.8 to 2.2), p<0.001 | ns |
| IMD category Q3 (27.8–39.0) | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1), p<0.001 | 1.5 (1.4 to 1.7), p<0.001 | ns |
| IMD category Q4 (39.3–45.7) | 1.6 (1.3 to 2), p<0.001 | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6), p<0.001 | ns |
| IMD category Q5 (45.7–71.8) | ns, p=0.517 | ns, p=0.574 | ns |
| Ethnicity South Asian | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.5), p<0.001 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.5), p<0.001 | 1 (0.7 to 1.2), ns, 0.735 |
| Ethnicity black | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1), p<0.001 | 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7), p<0.001 | 3.1 (2.4 to 4), p<0.001 |
| Smoking current or prior | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.3), p<0.001 | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.5), p<0.001 | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.8), p<0.001 |
| Prior emergency admissions (1 year) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7), p<0.001 | 1.8 (1.7 to 1.8), p<0.001 | 0.9 (0.9 to 1), p<0.05 |
| Palliative care registered | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.1), p<0.001 | 1.7 (1.4 to 2), p<0.001 | 2.4 (1.9 to 3.1), p<0.001 |
| Nursing home resident | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.3), p<0.001 | 1.2 (1 to 1.5), ns, 0.058 | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.2), p<0.001 |
| Comorbidities ≥3 | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9), p<0.01 | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6), p<0.001 | ns |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3), p<0.001 | 1.8 (1.6 to 2), p<0.001 | ns |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3), p<0.001 | 1.2 (1 to 1.4), p<0.05 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2), p<0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.7 (1.4 to 2.1), p<0.001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.5), p<0.001 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6), p<0.01 |
| Diabetes | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.9), p<0.001 | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.4), p<0.001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6), p<0.001 |
| Cardiac failure | 1.6 (1.3 to 1.9), p<0.001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6), p<0.001 | ns |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.5 (1.1 to 2), p<0.01 | ns, p=0.134 | ns |
| Epilepsy | 1.4 (1 to 2), p<0.05 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6), p<0.001 | ns |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6), p<0.01 | 1.2 (1 to 1.3), p<0.01 | ns |
| Hypertension | 1.2 (1 to 1.5), p<0.05 | ns, p=0.196 | 1.2 (1 to 1.4), p<0.05 |
| Cancer | 1.2 (1 to 1.5), p<0.05 | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.8), p<0.001 | 0.8 (0.7 to 1), p<0.05 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | ns, p=0.101 | 1.2 (1 to 1.3), p<0.05 | ns |
| Ischaemic heart disease | ns, p=0.859 | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.6), p<0.001 | 0.7 (0.6 to 0.9), p<0.01 |
| Depression | ns, p=0.34 | 1.1 (1 to 1.2), p<0.01 | ns |
| Dementia | ns, p=0.059 | 0.8 (0.7 to 1), p<0.05 | ns |
Data are OR with 95% CIs. For age and IMD as categorical ordinal variables (data ranges shown), the comparators were the youngest and least deprived quintiles, respectively. Comorbidity associations are listed in descending OR order for the CA group. The comparison of CA vs NCA was by binary logistic regression. Variables not listed (table 1) were excluded stepwise as not significant.
CA, COVID-19 admissions; CHA, COVID-19 hospital admissions; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; NCA, non-COVID-19 admissions; NCHA, non-COVID-19 hospital admissions.