Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, VIDA score and care complexity factors of admitted COVID-19 inpatients with unfavourable and favourable outcomes
| Characteristics | Study population n=1176 |
Unfavourable outcome* n=506 (42.8%) |
Favourable outcome n=670 (57.1%) |
P value |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 66.5 (51–77) | 74 (60–80) | 61 (49–74) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 667 (56.7) | 192 (37.9) | 317 (47.3) | 0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| LOS, median (IQR) | 6 (4–8) | 7 (4–10) | 5 (4–7) | <0.001 |
| Continuity of care (discharged to another facility) | 165 (14) | 58 (11.5) | 107 (16) | 0.02 |
| Severity (APR-DRG 3–4) | 503 (42.8) | 450 (88.9) | 53 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Mortality risk (APR-DRG 3–4) | 486 (41.3) | 449 (88.7) | 37 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| High-tech hospital | 969 (82.4) | 389 (76.9) | 580 (86.6) | <0.001 |
| Underlying disease | 745 (63.4) | 382 (75.5) | 363 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension or chronic heart failure | 469 (39.9) | 234 (46.2) | 235 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes or chronic kidney disease | 298 (25.3) | 165 (32.6) | 133 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 171 (14.5) | 95 (18.8) | 76 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Neurodegenerative disease | 63 (5.3) | 33 (6.5) | 39 (4.5) | 0.15 |
| Chronic liver disease | 54 (4.6) | 30 (5.9) | 24 (3.6) | 0.07 |
| Cancer | 50 (4.3) | 31 (6.5) | 19 (2.8) | 0.008 |
| Immunosuppression | 49 (4.2) | 23 (4.5) | 26 (3.9) | 0.66 |
| VIDA score† | ||||
| Low risk (0) | 104 (12.9) | 27 (7.1) | 77 (18) | <0.001 |
| Moderate risk (1–2) | 505 (62.7) | 194 (51.2) | 311 (72.8) | <0.001 |
| High risk (3–4) | 197 (16.7) | 158 (41.7) | 39 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Care complexity individual factors (CCIF) | ||||
| Comorbidity/complications | 1176 (100) | 506 (9.1) | 670 (100) | – |
| Transmissible infection | 1176 (100) | 506 (100) | 670 (100) | – |
| Haemodynamic instability | 910 (77.4) | 396 (78.3) | 514 (76.7) | 0.57 |
| Chronic disease | 745 (63.4) | 382 (75.5) | 363 (54.4) | <0.001 |
| Uncontrolled pain | 194 (16.5) | 82 (16.2) | 112 (16.7) | 0.87 |
| Extreme weight | 168 (14.3) | 82 (16.2) | 86 (12.8) | 0.11 |
| Position impairment | 72 (6.1) | 52 (10.3) | 20 (3.0) | <0.001 |
| Urinary or faecal incontinence | 58 (4.9) | 31 (6.1) | 27 (4.0) | 0.10 |
| Immunosuppression | 49 (4.1) | |||
| Anatomical and functional disorders | 41 (3.5) | 30 (5.9) | 11 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Communication disorders | 18 (1.5) | 13 (2.6) | 5 (0.7) | 0.01 |
| High risk of haemorrhage | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.68 |
| Vascular fragility | 6 (0.5) | 4 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 0.41 |
| Involuntary movements | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 |
| Dehydration | 3 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0.60 |
| Oedema | 0 (0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
| Developmental | 397 (33.8) | 244 (48.2) | 153 (22.8) | <0.001 |
| Old age (≥75 years) | 397 (33.8) | 244 (48.2) | 153 (22.8) | <0.001 |
| Psychoemotional | 218 (18.5) | 86 (17.0) | 132 (19.7) | 0.13 |
| Fear/anxiety | 173 (14.7) | 70 (13.8) | 103 (15.4) | 0.51 |
| Impaired adaptation | 54 (4.6) | 17 (3.4) | 37 (5.5) | 0.09 |
| Aggressive behaviour | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.43 |
| Mental-cognitive | 240 (20.4) | 184 (36.4) | 56 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Mental status impairments | 238 (20.2) | 183 (36.2) | 55 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Agitation | 5 (0.4) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (0.1) | 0.17 |
| Impaired cognitive functions | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.1) | 0.32 |
| Perception of reality disorders | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.3) | 0.51 |
| Sociocultural | 1176 (100) | 506 (100) | 670 (100) | – |
| Lack of caregiver support | 1176 (100) | 506 (100) | 670 (100) | – |
| Belief conflict | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0.57 |
| Language barriers | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.43 |
| Social exclusion | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 |
| CCIF, median (IQR) | 4 (3–6) | 5 (4–6) | 4 (3–5) | <0.001 |
*Unfavourable outcomes included in-hospital mortality and adverse events during hospitalisation
†VIDA score was analysed according to 806 patients admitted to wards using the VIDA system.
APR-DRG, All Patient Refined Diagnosis-Related Group; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LOS, length of hospital stay; VIDA, Surveillance and Identification of Acute Deterioration.