Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of survivors and non-survivors among critical COVID-19 patients on admission
| Variables | Non-survivors (n = 127) | Survivors (n = 47) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 80 (63.0) | 28 (59.6) | 0.726 |
| Age (yrs), median (IQR) or n (%) | 68 (59, 77) | 66 (57, 74) | 0.171 |
| > 50 | 119 (93.7) | 43 (91.5) | 0.609 |
| Time from illness onset to hospital admission (days), median (IQR) | 10 (7, 15) | 12 (9, 14) | 0.477 |
| Symptom, n (%) | |||
| Fever (temperature ≥ 37.3 °C) | 107 (84.3) | 42 (89.4) | 0.473 |
| Diarrhea | 18 (14.2) | 6 (12.8) | 1.000 |
| Cough | 94 (74) | 42 (89.4) | 0.038 |
| Fatigue | 47 (37) | 19 (40.4) | 0.726 |
| Chest distress | 79 (62.2) | 31 (66) | 0.725 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||
| Antibiotics | 120 (94.5) | 44 (93.6) | 1.000 |
| Antiviral treatment | 113 (89) | 45 (95.7) | 0.241 |
| Corticosteroids | 104 (81.9) | 35 (74.5) | 0.292 |
| IVIG | 61 (48) | 25 (53.2) | 0.610 |
| HFNC | 17 (13.4) | 12 (22.5) | 0.068 |
| NIV | 58 (45.7) | 17 (36.2) | 0.303 |
| IV | 58 (45.7) | 17 (36.2) | 0.303 |
| ECMO | 3 (2.4) | 1 (2.1) | 1.000 |
| RRT | 5 (4.7) | 4 (9.1) | 0.449 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 53 (41.7) | 28 (59.6) | 0.041 |
| Diabetes | 29 (22.8) | 11 (23.4) | 1.000 |
| COLD | 12 (9.4) | 3 (6.4) | 0.762 |
| CHD | 12 (9.4) | 4 (8.5) | 1.000 |
| CKD | 5 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 0.325 |
| Carcinoma | 6 (4.7) | 1 (2.1) | 0.676 |
| Other disease | 33 (26) | 9 (19.1) | 0.427 |
| Physiological parameter, median (IQR) or n/N (%) | |||
| Heart rate, per min | 95 (82, 108) | 95 (81, 108) | 0.879 |
| 60-100 | 73/126 (57.9) | 31/47 (66.0) | 0.338 |
| > 100 | 53/126 (42.1) | 16/47 (34.0) | |
| Systolic pressure | 132 (120, 146) | 134 (120, 151) | 0.617 |
| > 120 | 94/126 (74.6) | 34/46 (73.9) | 0.927 |
| Diastolic pressure | 79 (72, 90) | 83 (75, 92) | 0.246 |
| ≤ 80 | 69/126 (54.8) | 19/46 (41.3) | 0.118 |
| RR, breaths per min | 21 (20, 27) | 22 (20, 26) | 0.857 |
| > 24 | 41/125 (32.8) | 15/46 (32.6) | 0.981 |
| SPO2 | 90.5 (81.8, 97.0) | 94.5 (86.3, 97.0) | 0.171 |
| ≤ 95 | 64/98 (65.3) | 24/40 (60.0) | 0.556 |
| Biological parameters, median (IQR) or n/N (%) | |||
| WBC, ×109/L | 7.7 (5.7, 11.3) | 7.3 (4.6, 9.5) | 0.241 |
| < 4 | 10/127 (7.9) | 7/47 (14.9) | 0.198 |
| 4-10 | 76/127 (59.8) | 30/47 (63.8) | |
| > 10 | 41/127 (32.3) | 10/47 (21.3) | |
| Neutrophil, ×109/L | 6.4 (4.2, 10.0) | 6.0 (3.5, 8.0) | 0.233 |
| < 1.8 | 1/127 (0.8) | 3/47 (6.4) | 0.076 |
| 1.8-6.3 | 62/127 (48.8) | 24/47 (51.1) | |
| > 6.3 | 64/127 (50.4) | 20/47 (42.6) | |
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L | 0.67 (0.47, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.53, 1.00) | 0.109 |
| ≤ 0.8 | 87/127 (68.5) | 26/47 (55.3) | 0.106 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 129 (117, 141) | 128 (117, 141) | 0.634 |
| < 110 | 18/127 (14.2) | 5/47 (10.6) | 0.819 |
| 110-150 | 95/127 (74.8) | 37/47 (78.7) | |
| > 150 | 14/127 (11.0) | 5/47 (10.6) | |
| Platelet, ×109/L | 167 (120, 248) | 174 (122, 240) | 0.708 |
| ≤ 100 | 20/127 (15.7) | 7/47 (14.9) | 0.890 |
| Albumin, g/L | 31.3 (28.3, 34.6) | 31.5 (30.0, 34.4) | 0.186 |
| < 35 | 100/126 (79.4) | 36/47 (76.6) | 0.257 |
| 35-55 | 26/126 (20.6) | 10/47 (21.3) | |
| > 55 | 0/126 (0) | 1/47 (2.1) | |
| LDH, U/L | 459.0 (323.2, 574.0) | 445.0 (281.0, 609.0) | 0.816 |
| > 220 | 118/126 (93.7) | 45/47 (95.7) | 0.600 |
| NaHCO3, mmol/L | 22.6 (20.5, 25.0) | 23.2 (20.7, 25.6) | 0.394 |
| < 22 | 52/127 (40.9) | 17/47 (36.2) | 0.805 |
| 22-27 | 62/127 (48.8) | 24/47 (51.1) | |
| > 27 | 13/127 (10.2) | 6/47 (12.8) | |
| Urea, mmol/L | 5.9 (4.7, 9.0) | 5.6 (3.9, 7.7) | 0.178 |
| > 7.5 | 46/127 (36.2) | 12/47 (25.5) | 0.184 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 77.0 (60.0, 97.0) | 79.0 (58.0, 101.0) | 0.926 |
| > 133 | 15/127 (11.8) | 1/47 (2.1) | 0.050 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 106.0 (48.0, 246.0) | 73.0 (44.5, 231.0) | 0.775 |
| > 185 | 18/61 (29.5) | 8/25 (32.0) | 0.819 |
| CRP, mg/L | 92.4 (39.8, 152.8) | 66.4 (33.1, 117.2) | 0.089 |
| < 10 | 10/120 (8.3) | 4/45 (8.9) | 0.903 |
| 10-50 | 26/120 (21.5) | 11/45 (24.4) | |
| > 50 | 85120 (70.2) | 30 /45 (66.7) | |
| PCT, ng/mL | 0.16 (0.09, 0.41) | 0.16 (0.07, 0.29) | 0.162 |
| < 0.5 | 81/100 (81.0) | 34/38 (89.5) | 0.194 |
| 0.5 - 2 | 11/100 (11.0) | 4 /38 (10.5) | |
| > 2 | 8/100 (8.0) | 0 /38 (0) | |
| SF, μg/L | 1162.5 (637.8, 1728.7) | 893.6 (549.3, 142.0) | 0.274 |
| > 300 | 54/57 (94.7) | 19/22 (86.4) | 0.208 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 5.4 (4.0, 6.7) | 5.1 (3.7, 5.9) | 0.554 |
| < 2 | 7/103 (6.8) | 1/45 (2.2) | 0.276 |
| 2-4 | 20/103 (19.4) | 13/45 (28.9) | |
| > 4 | 76/103 (73.8) | 31/45 (68.9) | |
| Hs-cTnI, pg/mL | 22.5 (7.6, 64.0) | 11.8 (4.2, 26.1) | 0.047 |
| > 28 | 46/108 (42.6) | 9 /39 (23.1) | 0.031 |
| IL-2R, U/mL | 1094.5 (642.0, 1534.0) | 1009.5 (608.2, 1165.5) | 0.289 |
| < 220 | 1/60 (1.7) | 0/24 (0) | 0.444 |
| 220 - 710 | 15/60 (25) | 9/24 (37.5) | |
| > 710 | 44/60 (73.3) | 15/24 (62.5) | |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 51.4 (18.3, 119.6) | 35.6 (15.2, 48.1) | 0.062 |
| > 7 | 52/59 (88.1) | 19/24 (79.2) | 0.292 |
| IL-8, pg/mL | 22.9 (13.4, 38.9) | 17.1 (10.4, 28.0) | 0.148 |
| > 62 | 8/60 (13.3) | 2/24 (8.3) | 0.523 |
| IL-10, pg/mL | 8.3 (5.4, 10.8) | 6.7 (5.0, 15.8) | 0.868 |
| > 9 | 23/59 (39.0) | 10/24 (41.7) | 0.821 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 565.0 (186.7, 1338.5) | 311.0 (121.0, 799.5) | 0.092 |
| < 500 | 48/104 (46.2) | 21/32 (65.6) | 0.142 |
| 500-1000 | 25/104 (24.0) | 4/32 (12.5) | |
| > 1000 | 31/104 (29.8) | 7/32 (21.9) | |
| D-Dimer, μg/mL | 3.1 (0.94, 21.0) | 1.7 (0.66, 21.0) | 0.251 |
| < 0.5 | 10/120 (8.3) | 7/42 (16.7) | 0.314 |
| 0.5-1 | 21/120 (17.5) | 7/42 (16.7) | |
| > 1 | 89/120 (74.2) | 28/42 (66.7) | |
Data is shown as the median (IQR), n (%), or n/N (%), where N is the total number with the available data. IQR, Interquartile range; IVIG, Intravenous immunoglobin; HFNC, High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy; NIV, Non-invasive mechanical ventilation; IV, Invasive mechanical ventilation; RRT, Renal replacement therapy; COLD, Chronic obstructive lung disease; CHD, Coronary heart disease; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; ECMO, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RR, Respiratory rate; SpO2, Pulse oxygen saturation; SF, Serum ferritin; Hs-cTnI, Hypersensitive cardiac troponin I; WBC, White blood cell count; NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide; PCT, Procalcitonin; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase.