Table 1.
Sample characteristics and factors associated with multimorbidity
| Characteristics | 2007 | 2014 | Factors associated with multimorbidity | |||
| Total | Multimorbidity† | Total | Multimorbidity† | |||
| n (%) | % (95% CI) | n (%) | % (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI)‡ | P value | |
| Overall | 3678 (100%) | 21.0 (19.6 to 22.6) | 3678 (100%) | 22.0 (20.6 to 23.6) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1664 (46.1%) | 14.1 (12.3 to 16.1) | 1664 (46.1%) | 19.4 (17.3 to 21.6) | 1 | |
| Female | 2014 (53.9%) | 26.9 (24.8 to 29.2) | 2014 (53.9%) | 24.3 (22.3 to 26.4) | 1.74 (1.46 to 2.08) | <0.0001 |
| Age | ||||||
| 50–60 years | 2210 (59.8%) | 19.9 (18.1 to 21.8) | 966 (25.6%) | 23.5 (20.7 to 26.7) | 1 | |
| 61–70 years | 1069 (29.9%) | 21.9 (19.2 to 24.8) | 1562 (42.9%) | 21.6 (19.4 to 23.9) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.31) | 0.257 |
| 71+ years | 399 (10.3%) | 25.2 (20.6 to 30.4) | 1150 (31.4%) | 21.4 (18.8 to 24.2) | 1.09 (0.87 to 1.38) | 0.444 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not currently married | 927 (25.6%) | 26.1 (23.0 to 29.4) | 1338 (36.3%) | 23.3 (20.9 to 25.9) | 1 | |
| Currently married | 2751 (74.4%) | 19.3 (17.7 to 21.1) | 2340 (63.7%) | 21.3 (19.5 to 23.2) | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.24) | 0.742 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| No education | 2049 (58.7%) | 20.4 (18.5 to 22.5) | 2098 (60.6%) | 18.0 (16.2 to 19.8) | 1 | |
| Primary | 903 (24.8%) | 19.7 (17.0 to 22.7) | 862 (23.0%) | 24.0 (20.9 to 27.3) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.44) | 0.081 |
| Junior high school | 273 (6.4%) | 25.9 (20.5 to 32.3) | 271 (6.3%) | 36.3 (30.2 to 43.0) | 1.50 (1.12 to 2.02) | 0.007 |
| Senior high school | 324 (7.2%) | 20.5 (15.8 to 25.9) | 307 (7.0%) | 29.5 (24.1 to 35.5) | 0.96 (0.71 to 1.29) | 0.778 |
| Tertiary | 129 (2.9%) | 34.4 (25.2 to 44.8) | 140 (3.1%) | 41.2 (31.6 to 51.6) | 1.54 (1.01 to 2.34) | 0.043 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Javanese | 1684 (51.8%) | 19.4 (17.4 to 21.5) | 1781 (55.8%) | 19.7 (17.8 to 21.8) | 1 | |
| Sundanese | 424 (15.9%) | 29.1 (24.8 to 33.9) | 438 (16.3%) | 27.3 (23.1 to 31.8) | 1.38 (1.08 to 1.77) | 0.01 |
| Others | 1570 (32.3%) | 19.6 (17,4 to 22.0) | 1459 (27.9%) | 23.6 (21.2 to 26.2) | 1.10 (0.90 to 1.33) | 0.355 |
| Insurance coverage | ||||||
| No | 2652 (74.5%) | 20.3 (18.6 to 22.1) | 1950 (57.2%) | 18.7 (16.9 to 20.7) | 1 | |
| Yes | 1026 (25.5%) | 23.2 (20.4 to 26.4) | 1720 (42.8%) | 26.4 (24.2 to 28.9) | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.39) | 0.035 |
| Type of work | ||||||
| Unemployed | 951 (24.7%) | 31.4 (28.1 to 34.9) | 1483 (38.9%) | 29.9 (27.4 to 32.6) | 1 | |
| Casual | 674 (19.1%) | 16.9 (13.9 to 20.4) | 562 (14.1%) | 13.8 (10.7 to 17.6) | 0.47 (0.37 to 0.60) | <0.0001 |
| Self-employed | 1630 (45.2%) | 16.8 (14.9 to 18.9) | 1464 (40.1%) | 17.4 (15.4 to 19.7) | 0.61 (0.51 to 0.73) | <0.0001 |
| Government/ private | 423 (10.9%) | 22.2 (18.0 to 27.1) | 269 (7.0%) | 21.0 (15.8 to 27.4) | 0.60 (0.45 to 0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Per capita household expenditure | ||||||
| Q1 (the lowest) | 728 (22.9%) | 15.8 (13.0 to 18.9) | 813 (25.2%) | 13.5 (11.1 to 16.2) | 1 | |
| Q2 | 785 (22.4%) | 17.9 (15.1 to 21.2) | 746 (21.4%) | 18.9 (15.9 to 22.3) | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.62) | 0.04 |
| Q3 | 743 (20.1%) | 20.5 (17.4 to 24.0) | 757 (20.4%) | 22.1 (18.9 to 25.7) | 1.37 (1.08 to 1.74) | 0.009 |
| Q4 | 744 (18.4%) | 23.6 (20.3 to 27.3) | 681 (17.2%) | 25.3 (21.9 to 29.0) | 1.84 (1.44 to 2.33) | <0.0001 |
| Q5 (the highest) | 678 (16.1%) | 30.4 (26.5 to 34.7) | 681 (15.8%) | 36.2 (32.2 to 40.5) | 2.22 (1.72 to 2.86) | <0.0001 |
| Residency | ||||||
| Rural | 1958 (63.4%) | 18.1 (16.3 to 20.1) | 1682 (52.8%) | 16.9 (15.1 to 19.0) | 1 | |
| Urban | 1720 (36.6%) | 26.1 (23.8 to 28.6) | 1996 (47.1%) | 27.7 (25.5 to 30.0) | 1.41 (1.19 to 1.67) | <0.0001 |
| Region | ||||||
| Java-Bali | 2413 (77.5%) | 21.6 (19.9 to 23.5) | 2417 (77.6%) | 21.1 (19.3 to 22.9) | 1 | |
| Sumatra | 691 (14.5%) | 19.6 (16.7 to 22.8) | 690 (14.5%) | 26.6 (23.3 to 30.2) | 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33) | 0.602 |
| Nusa Tenggara | 239 (2.4%) | 14.5 (10.6 to 19.5) | 239 (2.4%) | 14.5 (10.5 to 19.6) | 0.59 (0.40 to 0.87) | 0.008 |
| Kalimantan | 168 (1.8%) | 17.9 (12.7 to 24.5) | 168 (1.7%) | 34.2 (27.4 to 41.7) | 1.35 (0.92 to 1.98) | 0.129 |
| Sulawesi | 167 (3.8%) | 19.6 (14.1 to 26.6) | 164 (3.7%) | 23.7 (17.6 to 31.0) | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.34) | 0.569 |
*Values are unweighted counts and weighted percentages unless otherwise indicated.
†We defined multimorbidity if the respondents reported that they had two or more chronic conditions related to non-communicable diseases. Chronic diseases included: hypertension, diabetes, asthma, heart attack/coronary heart diseases, liver disease, stroke, cancer, arthritis/rheumatism, hypercholesterolaemia and mental illness.
‡Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was estimated using multilevel logistic regression model of 2007 and 2014 Indonesian Family Life Survey.