Table 4.
The effect of multimorbidity on catastrophic expenditure
| Variables | Catastrophic health expenditure | |||||
| 10% of total household expenditure* | 25% of total household expenditure* | 40% of non-food expenditure* | ||||
| aOR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Number of NCDs (ref. no NCD) | ||||||
| Single NCD | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.62) | 0.591 | 0.81 (0.49 to 1.34) | 0.417 | 0.86 (0.52 to 1.43) | 0.561 |
| Two NCDs | 1.58 (1.06 to 2.35) | 0.026 | 1.39 (0.79 to 2.45) | 0.250 | 1.27 (0.69 to 2.35) | 0.437 |
| Three or more NCDs | 1.69 (1.02 to 2.81) | 0.042 | 0.96 (0.40 to 2.34) | 0.937 | 0.72 (0.27 to 1.89) | 0.503 |
| Period (ref. 2007) | ||||||
| 2014 | 1.42 (1.12 to 1.80) | 0.003 | 1.27 (0.83 to 1.95) | 0.271 | 1.18 (0.77 to 1.80) | 0.442 |
| Sex (ref. male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.89 (0.64 to 1.23) | 0.480 | 0.90 (0.57 to 1.42) | 0.645 | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.33) | 0.432 |
| Age (ref. 50–60 years) | ||||||
| 61–70 years | 1.15 (0.79 to 1.69) | 0.461 | 1.46 (0.90 to 2.36) | 0.125 | 1.43 (0.85 to 2.38) | 0.175 |
| 71+ years | 1.13 (0.66 to 1.92) | 0.663 | 1.01 (0.51 to 2.01) | 0.975 | 1.24 (0.60 to 2.55) | 0.563 |
| Marital status (ref. not married) | ||||||
| Currently married | 1.59 (1.22 to 2.09) | 0.001 | 1.68 (0.98 to 2.87) | 0.060 | 1.83 (1.01 to 3.33) | 0.047 |
| Educational level (ref. no education) | ||||||
| Primary | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.38) | 0.841 | 0.90 (0.52 to 1.55) | 0.708 | 0.85 (0.48 to 1.52) | 0.589 |
| Junior high school | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.47) | 0.902 | 1.21 (0.58 to 2.55) | 0.610 | 0.60 (0.25 to 1.48) | 0.271 |
| Senior high school | 0.93 (0.61 to 1.42) | 0.735 | 1.22 (0.59 to 2.52) | 0.595 | 0.81 (0.34 to 1.92) | 0.627 |
| Tertiary | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.90) | 0.023 | 0.11 (0.01 to 0.94) | 0.043 | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.84) | 0.032 |
| Ethnicity (ref. Javanese) | ||||||
| Sundanese | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.23) | 0.433 | 1.80 (0.98 to 3.33) | 0.060 | 1.14 (0.52 to 2.48) | 0.748 |
| Others | 0.76 (0.56 to 1.02) | 0.065 | 1.01 (0.58 to 1.78) | 0.959 | 0.56 (0.28 to 1.09) | 0.088 |
| Insurance coverage (ref. no) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.89 (0.67 to 1.20) | 0.451 | 0.83 (0.53 to 1.31) | 0.425 | 0.80 (0.49 to 1.32) | 0.390 |
| Type of work (ref. unemployed) | ||||||
| Casual | 0.59 (0.33 to 1.07) | 0.082 | 0.58 (0.29 to 1.17) | 0.128 | 0.41 (0.20 to 0.84) | 0.015 |
| Self-employed | 0.60 (0.36 to 1.01) | 0.056 | 0.58 (0.35 to 0.96) | 0.033 | 0.45 (0.27 to 0.76) | 0.003 |
| Government/private | 0.58 (0.34 to 1.02) | 0.058 | 0.78 (0.35 to 1.70) | 0.527 | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.95) | 0.038 |
| Per capita household expenditure (ref. Q1) | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.04 (0.071 to 1.52) | 0.834 | 1.60 (0.71 to 3.57) | 0.257 | 1.34 (0.62 to 2.90) | 0.459 |
| Q3 | 1.37 (0.97 to 1.95) | 0.076 | 1.71 (0.77 to 3.80) | 0.188 | 1.19 (0.54 to 2.61) | 0.669 |
| Q4 | 1.98 (1.40 to 2.81) | <0.0001 | 3.11 (1.43 to 6.76) | 0.004 | 2.73 (1.23 to 6.03) | 0.013 |
| Q5 | 3.13 (2.28 to 4.31) | <0.0001 | 5.91 (2.72 to 12.85) | <0.0001 | 8.45 (3.70 to 19.32) | <0.0001 |
| Residence (ref. rural) | ||||||
| Urban | 0.94 (0.61 to 1.45) | 0.785 | 0.76 (0.46 to 1.24) | 0.273 | 0.75 (0.43 to 1.31) | 0.309 |
| Region (ref. Java-Bali) | ||||||
| Sumatra | 0.78 (0.56 to 1.09) | 0.146 | 0.73 (0.38 to 1.38) | 0.328 | 1.08 (0.52 to 2.24) | 0.846 |
| Nusa Tenggara | 0.64 (0.34 to 1.21) | 0.175 | 0.98 (0.32 to 2.99) | 0.968 | 0.93 (0.22 to 3.83) | 0.917 |
| Kalimantan | 0.78 (0.39 to 1.52) | 0.460 | 0.64 (0.19 to 2.24) | 0.488 | 0.64 (0.15 to 2.77) | 0.548 |
| Sulawesi | 0.80 (0.43 to 1.48) | 0.478 | 1.21 (0.41 to 3.57) | 0.724 | 1.31 (0.33 to 5.17) | 0.701 |
*Multilevel logistic regression model.
aOR, adjusted OR; NCD, non-communicable disease.