Table 5.
The effect of multimorbidity on productivity loss
| Variables | Productivity loss | |||||
| Labour participation* | Days primary activity missed† | Days confined in bed† | ||||
| aOR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Number of NCDs (ref. no NCD) | ||||||
| Single NCD | 0.65 (0.54 to 0.79) | <0.0001 | 1.25 (1.08 to 1.43) | 0.002 | 1.09 (0.84 to 1.43) | 0.509 |
| Two NCDs | 0.45 (0.35 to 0.57) | <0.0001 | 1.90 (1.58 to 2.29) | <0.0001 | 1.87 (1.33 to 2.61) | <0.0001 |
| Three or more NCDs | 0.23 (0.16 to 0.33) | <0.0001 | 2.59 (1.97 to 3.41) | <0.0001 | 2.64 (1.60 to 4.36) | <0.0001 |
| Period (ref. 2007) | ||||||
| 2014 | 0.69 (0.59 to 0.81) | <0.0001 | 1.66 (1.46 to 1.88) | <0.0001 | 1.79 (1.40 to 2.29) | <0.0001 |
| Sex (ref. male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.21 (0.17 to 0.26) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.912 | 0.92 (0.70 to 1.21) | 0.567 |
| Age (ref. 50–60 years) | ||||||
| 61–70 years | 0.37 (0.31 to 0.45) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.859 | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) | 0.617 |
| 71+ years | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.13) | <0.0001 | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.44) | 0.047 | 1.93 (1.37 to 2.72) | <0.0001 |
| Marital status (ref. not married) | ||||||
| Currently married | 1.51 (1.23 to 1.84) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.31) | 0.089 | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.17) | 0.395 |
| Educational level (ref. no education) | ||||||
| Primary | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.11) | 0.305 | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | 0.263 | 1.00 (0.75 to 1.33) | 0.999 |
| Junior high school | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) | 0.631 | 0.87 (0.54 to 1.40) | 0.570 |
| Senior high school | 0.41 (0.29 to 0.58) | <0.0001 | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.87) | 0.002 | 0.81 (0.51 to 1.28) | 0.362 |
| Tertiary | 0.51 (0.31 to 0.82) | 0.006 | 0.54 (0.38 to 0.78) | 0.001 | 0.37 (0.18 to 0.78) | 0.009 |
| Ethnicity (ref. Javanese) | ||||||
| Sundanese | 0.50 (0.37 to 0.67) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.11 to 1.65) | 0.003 | 1.28 (0.89 to 1.85) | 0.179 |
| Others | 0.77 (0.61 to 0.98) | 0.033 | 1.11 (0.95 to 1.30) | 0.188 | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.49) | 0.436 |
| Insurance coverage (ref. no) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.85 (0.72 to 1.01) | 0.071 | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.22) | 0.258 | 1.05 (0.82 to 1.34) | 0.704 |
| Type of work (ref. unemployed) | ||||||
| Casual | N/A | N/A | 0.62 (0.51 to 0.75) | <0.0001 | 0.32 (0.22 to 0.47) | <0.0001 |
| Self-employed | N/A | N/A | 0.62 (0.53 to 0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.42 (0.32 to 0.56) | <0.0001 |
| Government/private | N/A | N/A | 0.57 (0.45 to 0.72) | <0.0001 | 0.45 (0.28 to 0.73) | 0.001 |
| Per capita household expenditure (ref. Q1) | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.37 (1.08 to 1.75) | 0.011 | 1.03 (0.86 to 1.23) | 0.744 | 1.05 (0.74 to 1.49) | 0.769 |
| Q3 | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.71) | 0.028 | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | 0.130 | 1.06 (0.75 to 1.50) | 0.737 |
| Q4 | 1.12 (0.87 to 1.46) | 0.379 | 1.05 (0.87 to 1.27) | 0.627 | 1.02 (0.71 to 1.46) | 0.914 |
| Q5 | 1.34 (1.01 to 1.77) | 0.043 | 1.29 (1.05 to 1.58) | 0.015 | 0.92 (0.63 to 1.35) | 0.668 |
| Residence (ref. Rural) | ||||||
| Urban | 0.44 (0.35 to 0.54) | <0.0001 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07) | 0.296 | 0.70 (0.54 to 0.89) | 0.004 |
| Region (ref. Java-Bali) | ||||||
| Sumatra | 0.95 (0.73 to 1.25) | 0.735 | 1.13 (0.94 to 1. to 36) | 0.194 | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.40) | 0.956 |
| Nusa Tenggara | 0.74 (0.48 to 1.14) | 0.177 | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.20) | 0.472 | 1.14 (0.67 to 1.93) | 0.638 |
| Kalimantan | 1.21 (0.75 to 1.94) | 0.440 | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.22) | 0.511 | 0.89 (0.51 to 1.57) | 0.688 |
| Sulawesi | 0.39 (0.24 to 0.62) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.72 to 1.36) | 0.948 | 0.94 (0.53 to 1.69) | 0.845 |
*Multilevel logistic regression model.
†Multilevel negative binomial regression model.
aOR, adjusted OR; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NCD, non-communicable disease.