Table 3.
Determinants of the prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure using a panel logistic regression model
| (1)c | (2)d | (3)e | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Odds Ratio | Odds Ratio | Odds Ratio |
| Predisposing factors | |||
| Household has a member older than 75 years (compared with younger than 75) | |||
| Household has a member older than 75 years | 1.370a (0.107)e | 1.162 (0.438) | 1.061 (0.552) |
| Married (compare with no spouse) | |||
| Living with spouse | 1.731*** (0.004) | 1.776*** (0.003) | 1.767*** (< 0.001) |
| Enabling factors | |||
| Zone (compared with eastern area) | |||
| Middle area | 1.363*** (0.008) | ||
| Western area | 1.317** (0.017) | ||
| Area (compared with urban) | |||
| Rural | 0.825* (0.078) | ||
| Insurance status (compared with no insuranceb) | |||
| UEBMI | 1.010 (0.982) | 1.955 (0.106) | 0.791 (0.592) |
| UBMI | 1.305 (0.353) | 1.503 (0.166) | 0.664 (0.323) |
| OI | 2.498 (0.214) | 2.199 (0.270) | 0.249 (0.216) |
| Economic status (compared with poorest) | |||
| Poor | 0.502*** (< 0.001) | 0.583*** (< 0.001) | 0.527*** (< 0.001) |
| Average | 0.345*** (< 0.001) | 0.449*** (< 0.001) | 0.351*** (< 0.001) |
| Richer | 0.198** (< 0.001) | 0.327*** (< 0.001) | 0.310*** (< 0.001) |
| Richest | 0.079*** (< 0.001) | 0.188*** (< 0.001) | 0.116*** (< 0.001) |
| Household size (compared with fewer than 4 members) | |||
| Household size more than 4 | 0.970 (0.763) | 0.871 (0.179) | 0.899 (0.596) |
| Need factors | |||
| Impatient compared with not impatient | |||
| Inpatient | 1.793*** (< 0.001) | 1.763*** (< 0.001) | 2.641*** (< 0.001) |
| Chronic disease compared with no chronic disease | |||
| Chronic disease | 1.043 (0.910) | 1.191 (0.626) | 2.056*** (< 0.001) |
| Disability compared with no disability | |||
| Disability | 1.926*** (0.005) | 2.424*** (< 0.001) | 1.127 (0.189) |
| Outpatient compared with not outpatient | |||
| Outpatient | 2.706*** (< 0.001) | 2.424*** (< 0.001) | 3.294*** (< 0.001) |
Note: (a) * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01; (b) Abbreviations: UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance; NI, no insurance; UBMI, Unified Basic Medical Insurance for urban residents without formal employment and rural residents; OI, other insurance; (c) CHE was defined as 10% of total expenditure; (d) CHE was defined based on 40% of non-food expenditure; (e) The cross-sectional 2015 CHARLS data for logistic regression, and CHE was defined as 40% of total non-food expenditure; (f) P-value in parentheses