Table 1.

Investigational and Utilized Therapies for COVID-19. Resources: FDA, WHO, Clinical trials.gov.

Type of therapies	Approach/drug	Mechanism of action
Pharmaceutical medications	Favipiravir	Inhibits RdRp and viral RNA polymerase activity
	Chloroquine	Impacts glycoproteins of cell receptors, inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 recognition
	Hydroxychloroquine	Inhibits viral replication, protein glycosylation, viral assembly, and other antiviral activity
	Remdesivir	Interferes with RdRp and early termination of RNA transcription of the virus
	Ribavirin	Mimics RdRp and thus inhibits its function, preventing viral synthesis
	Tocilizumab	Inhibits IL-6 receptors, thus potentially minimizing the effect of the cytokine storm
	Vitamin D	Reduces risk of infection, enhances immunity, upregulates ACE2, overall diminishes the severity of illness
	Zinc	Suppresses viral replication, strengthens antiviral immunity, reduces COVID-19-related damage within the body
Vaccines	Pfizer BioNTech “Comirnaty”	mRNA vaccine injected into muscle of the upper arm. Distributed in 2 shots given 21 days apart. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 95%
	Moderna “mRNA-1273”	mRNA vaccine injected into muscle of the upper arm. Distributed in 2 shots given 28 days apart. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 94.1%
	Oxford-AstraZeneca “AZD1222”	Adenovirus-based vaccine injected into the muscle of the upper arm. Distributed in 2 shots given 4 weeks apart. This vaccine has an efficacy rate of 62-90% depending on dosage.
	Johnson & Johnson “Ad26.COV2.S”	Adenovirus-based vaccine distributed in 1 dose via injection to the arm muscle. Efficacy results for this vaccine have yet to be determined.
Home remedies	Saltwater gargles, hot teas, lozenges	Alleviate sore throat symptoms
	Vaporizers, humidifiers, steam inhalers	Alleviate congestion
	Herbal medicine	Alleviate a variety of symptoms
Other	Convalescent plasma	Antibodies in the plasma of recovered patients may help fight currently infected patients