Table 3.
Associated Factors Between Total of Diabetes Distress and Characteristic of Participants (n=517)
| Variable | Total Distress | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n= 152) | No (n=365) | ||
| Age | |||
| <60 | 81(53.3) | 142(38.9) | 0.003* |
| ≥60 | 71(46.7) | 223(61.1) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 54(35.5) | 127(34.8) | 0.874 |
| Female | 98(64.5) | 238(65.2) | |
| Timescale (Years) | |||
| <5 | 53(34.9) | 167(45.8) | |
| 5–10 | 54(35.5) | 97(26.6) | 0.048* |
| >10 | 45(29.6) | 101(27.6) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 94(61.9) | 220(60.3) | 0.739 |
| Single | 58(38.2) | 145(39.7) | |
| Education | |||
| Primary school | 50(32.9) | 130(35.6) | |
| Secondary school | 41(26.9) | 96(26.3) | 0.834 |
| High school and higher | 61(40.2) | 139(38.1) | |
| Gross household income | |||
| High | 6(3.9) | 7(1.9) | |
| Medium | 123(80.9) | 323(88.5) | 0.067 |
| Low | 23(15.2) | 35(88.6) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Worker | 31(20.4) | 56(15.3) | |
| Retired/Housewife | 105(69.1) | 267(73.2) | 0.374 |
| Seller | 16(10.5) | 42(11.5) | |
| History of illness | |||
| Yes | 135(88.8) | 306(83.8) | 0.145 |
| No | 17(11.2) | 59(16.2) | |
| Medication | |||
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 98(64.5) | 275(75.3) | 0.012* |
| Insulin or combination | 54(35.5) | 90(24.7) | |
| HbA1c | |||
| <7% | 34(22.4) | 129(35.3) | 0.004* |
| ≥ 7% | 118(77.6) | 236(64.7) | |
| Complications | |||
| Yes | 32(21.1) | 54(14.8) | 0.092 |
| No | 120(78.9) | 311(85.2) | |
Notes: Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test used for comparison between total distress and characteristic of participants; *p<0.05.