Table 1. Characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving or not receiving haloperidol in the full sample and in the matched analytic sample.
| Exposed to haloperidol N = 39 | Not exposed to haloperidol N = 15,082 | Non-exposed matched group N = 156 | Exposed to haloperidol vs. Not exposed to haloperidol (crude analysis) | Exposed to haloperidol vs. Not exposed to haloperidol (analysis weighted by inverse-probability-weighting weights) | Exposed to Haloperidol vs. Non-exposed matched group (crude analysis in the matched analytic sample using a 1:4 ratio) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | SMD | SMD | SMD | |
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 0.592* | 0.015 | 0.031 | |||
| 18 to 57 years | 9 (23.1%) | 7,611 (50.5%) | 34 (21.8%) | |||
| More than 57 years | 30 (76.9%) | 7,471 (49.5%) | 122 (78.2%) | |||
| Sex | 0.182* | 0.054 | 0.039 | |||
| Women | 24 (61.5%) | 7,926 (52.6%) | 93 (59.6%) | |||
| Men | 15 (38.5%) | 7,156 (47.4%) | 63 (40.4%) | |||
| Hospital | 0.328* | 0.026 | 0.071 | |||
| AP-HP Centre–Paris University, Henri Mondor University Hospitals and at home hospitalization | 12 (30.8%) | 7,017 (46.5%) | 43 (27.6%) | |||
| AP-HP Nord and Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Paris Saclay University and Sorbonne University | 27 (69.2%) | 8,065 (53.5%) | 113 (72.4%) | |||
| Smoking | 0.366* | 0.065 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 11 (28.2%) | 2,048 (13.6%) | 44 (28.2%) | |||
| No | 28 (71.8%) | 13,034 (86.4%) | 112 (71.8%) | |||
| Obesity α | 0.408* | 0.024 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 9 (23.1%) | 1,284 (8.5%) | 36 (23.1%) | |||
| No | 30 (76.9%) | 13,798 (91.5%) | 120 (76.9%) | |||
| Any medical condition β | 0.510* | 0.007 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 20 (51.3%) | 4,096 (27.2%) | 80 (51.3%) | |||
| No | 19 (48.7%) | 10,986 (72.8%) | 76 (48.7%) | |||
| Any medication according to compassionate use or as part of a clinical trial | 0.073 | 0.066 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 4 (10.3%) | 1,897 (12.6%) | 16 (10.3%) | |||
| No | 35 (89.7%) | 13,185 (87.4%) | 140 (89.7%) | |||
| Any current psychiatric disorder or delirium ¥ | 0.842* | 0.080 | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 15 (38.5%) | 930 (6.2%) | 60 (38.5%) | |||
| No | 24 (61.5%) | 14,152 (93.8%) | 96 (61.5%) | |||
| Any antipsychotic (other than haloperidol) | 1.154* | 0.240* | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 18 (46.2%) | 467 (3.10%) | 72 (46.2%) | |||
| No | 21 (53.8%) | 14,615 (96.9%) | 84 (53.8%) | |||
| Any other psychotropic medication Ω | 1.721* | 0.220* | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 31 (79.5%) | 2169 (14.4%) | 124 (79.5%) | |||
| No | 8 (20.5%) | 12,913 (85.6%) | 32 (20.5%) |
α Defined as having a body-mass index higher than 30 kg/m2 or based on ICD-10 codes (E66.0, E66.1, E66.2, E66.8, E66.9).
β Included diabetes milletus (E11), diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99), diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J99), neoplasms (C00-C96), and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D5-D8) based on ICD-10 codes.
¥ Assessed using ICD-10 codes (F00-F99 or R41.0).
Ω Included any antidepressant, benzodiazepine, Z-drug, or mood stabilizer (i.e., lithium or antiepileptic medications with mood stabilizing effects).
* A SMD higher than 0.1 indicates substantial imbalance.
Abbreviation: SMD, standardized mean difference.