Table 2.

Spearman correlation between ZCTA level socio-demographics and COVID-19 rates (N = 176).

	SARS-CoV-2 Test Rate			COVID-19 Case Rate			COVID-19 Death Rate
	rs	P-value	Spatially Adjusted P-valueb	rs	P-value	Spatially adjusted P-valueb	rs	P-value	Spatially adjusted P-valueb
Male to female ratio (%)	0.01	0.92	0.95	−0.15	0.05	0.13	0.04	0.63	0.71
% under 18 years	0.23	<0.01	0.10	0.58	<0.01	<0.01	0.42	<0.01	<0.01
% 18–44 years	−0.38	<0.01	<0.01	−0.52	<0.01	<0.01	−0.35	<0.01	<0.01
% 45–64 years	0.13	0.08	0.29	0.30	<0.01	0.07	0.08	0.28	0.53
% 65–74 years	0.17	0.03	0.12	0.07	0.37	0.61	0.02	0.72	0.80
% over 75 years	0.22	<0.01	0.03	0.09	0.26	0.48	0.12	0.10	0.24
% non-Hispanic White	−0.18	0.02	0.17	−0.55	<0.01	<0.01	−0.57	<0.01	<0.01
% non-Hispanic Black	0.24	<0.01	0.04	0.45	<0.01	<0.01	0.47	<0.01	<0.01
% non-Hispanic Asian	−0.28	<0.01	0.03	−0.31	<0.01	0.06	−0.26	<0.01	0.05
% non-Hispanic others	−0.26	<0.01	0.01	−0.25	<0.01	0.05	−0.13	0.09	0.23
% Hispanic	0.28	<0.01	0.03	0.45	<0.01	<0.01	0.47	<0.01	<0.01
Median household income	−0.24	<0.01	0.08	−0.49	<0.01	<0.01	−0.65	<0.01	<0.01
Average household size	0.22	<0.01	0.12	0.62	<0.01	<0.01	0.39	<0.01	<0.01
% service jobs	0.28	<0.01	0.04	0.59	<0.01	<0.01	0.61	<0.01	<0.01
% health-related jobs	0.41	<0.01	<0.01	0.62	<0.01	<0.01	0.50	<0.01	<0.01
% pre-pandemic transit commuters	−0.21	<0.01	0.13	−0.21	<0.01	0.28	0.14	0.06	0.32
% low density zones	0.24	<0.01	0.10	0.50	<0.01	<0.01	0.24	<0.01	0.11
% high density zones	−0.12	0.10	0.37	−0.21	<0.01	0.25	0.16	0.04	0.26
Out-migration indexa	−0.29	<0.01	<0.07	−0.57	<0.01	<0.01	−0.40	<0.01	<0.01
Testing rate	–	–	–	0.78	<0.01	<0.01	0.51	<0.01	<0.01
Case rate	–	–	–	–	–	-	0.71	<0.01	<0.01

^a % changes in unique cellular phone signals between March 1, 2020 and May 1, 2020.

^b P-value of Spearman correlation test accounting for spatial autocorrelation.

Boldface indicates statistical significance.