Table 1a. Characteristics of included studies (N = 17).

Study	Region	State/city	Study type	Data collection	Ethnicity	Sample size	Male proportion (%)	Mean age/(age range)
Liang 2012	USA	Cleveland	1	1996–2006	Caucasians	18,003	56.1	61.4
Kahi 2011	USA	Indiana	1	2000–2009	Caucasians	6,681	49	58.9
Hetzel 2010	USA	Boston	1	2006–2008	Caucasians	7,192	44	58
Abdeljaward 2015	USA	Indiana	1	2005–2012	Caucasians	1,910	46.2	(≥ 50)
Sanaka 2014	USA	Cleveland	1	2008–2009	Caucasians	2,167	52	(≥ 50)
Ross 2015	USA	Texas	1	2010–2013	Mixture	2,833	35.4	(50–75)
Pyo 2017	South Korea	Seoul	1	2002–2012	Asians	35,126	50.5	48.5
Min 2012	South Korea	Seoul, Chungcheongnam-do	1	2007–2008	Asians	926	52.1	(> 45)
Kim 2014	South Korea	Seoul	1	2005–2012	Asians	28544	60.8	(22–88)
Lee 2013	South Korea	Seoul	1	2011–2012	Asians	1,375	52.4	(> 50)
Wijkerslooth 2013	Netherlands	Amsterdam, Rotterdam	1	2009–2010	Caucasians	1,354	NA	(50–75)
Hazewinkel 2014	Netherlands	Amsterdam, Rotterdam	1	2009–2010	Caucasians	1426	51	(50–75)
Grobbee 2017	Netherlands	Amsterdam, Rotterdam	1	2009–2010	Caucasians	1,256	51	(50–75)
Leung 2012	Hong Kong	Hong Kong	1	2008–2011	Asians	1,282	48.4	49.1
Chang 2017	Taiwan	Taipei	1	2010–2014	Asians	6,198	51.1	(≥ 50)
Buda 2012	Italy	Feltre	1	2007–2008	Caucasians	985	38	(≥ 50)
Ijspeert 2016	Poland	NA	1	2009–2012	Caucasians	12361	NA	(50–65)

Notes: Study type: 1 = cross-sectional, 2 = cohort

NA, not available