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. 2021 Feb 20;473(5):805–821. doi: 10.1007/s00424-021-02527-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Summary of the known olfactory impairments during normal aging and the development of AD. a Human data showing at which age the decline in the given ability occurs, compared to young adult subjects. b Human data showing at which age the AD-related decline in the given ability occurs. Here, in contrast to panel a, NEC subjects serve as a reference. Because of the lack of reliable longitudinal studies of the mentioned capabilities, the arrows in the given graph reflect the age of the cohort under study rather than the true age when the given impairment appears. Data are taken from refs. [41, 43, 44, 68, 78, 96, 97, 117, 128, 143, 144]. Y-axis is shown in arbitrary units