Table 4.

Indirect cost of COPD patients

Indirect cost of patients
Missing hour due to COPD	468.17 (143.73)
Indirect cost due to COPD	US$1699.76 (627.26)
Missing hours due to other reasons	104.21 (34.07)
Indirect cost due to other reasons	US$377.72 (113.28)
Productivity loss due to COPD	31.87% (9.98)
Activity limitation due to COPD	17.42% (6.59)

All costs are reported in US$; 1 US$ = 4.13 MYR on 18 September 2019; mean (standard deviation)

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MYR Malaysian ringgit