The mean annual per-patient direct and indirect costs for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were calculated as US$506.92 and US$1699.76, respectively.

The mean annual costs per patient in the management phase, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions were reported as US$395.65, US$86.4, and US$297.79, respectively.

In COPD patients, the mean annual rate of outpatient visits, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions were calculated as 2.12, 0.37, and 0.87 visits per patient, respectively.

In COPD patients, productivity losses at the workplace were reported as 31.87% and activity limitations were reported as 17.42%.