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. 2021 Feb 19;11:4246. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81781-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sex expression in castor in response to temperature. (A) Alteration of sex phenotypes towards completely or predominantly male spikes in castor genotypes at high temperatures during summer in March -May (T_max 39–42 °C). (B) Bisexual flowers in castor genotypes in summer (C) Restoration of normal phenotype in June-July at normal temperatures (T_max 28–33 °C). Genotype names are indicated below. Arrows indicate terminal female flower. Weather data during growing seasons (D) 2015–16 and (E) 2016–17. (F) Cumulative degree days during 3 growing seasons 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17. Temperature parameters (mean of T_max, T_min and T_avg) existing for (G) 2 weeks and (F) 3 weeks before observation of altered sex phenotype in inflorescences during summer. Scale bars: 1 cm are shown.