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. 2021 Feb 19;11:4286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83709-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of DIO and weight control interventions on vascular damage measured in the aorta and plasma. (A) gene expression of transcripts coding for vascular adhesion molecules and inflammation markers at the end of the 21-week experimental period, (B) plasma atherogenic index at the end of the different experimental stages. Results are means of eight rats ± SEM depicted by vertical bars. *P < 0.05 in t-test (12 weeks); A,B,C means with different letters are significantly different (ANOVA treatment, P < 0.05; 15 and 21 weeks). Vcam vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, Vegfa Vascular endothelial growth factor A, Sele Selectin E, Nos2 Nitric oxide synthase 2, Ptgs2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2. Atherogenic index, (total-cholesterol (mg/dL)/HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL). SD normocaloric standard diet group, HFD HFD-treated group. Weight loss interventions (WL) on weeks 13–15: WLs obese rats treated with caloric restriction and no exercise, WLe obese rats treated with caloric restriction in combination with physical exercise, WLsAM obese rats treated with caloric restriction in combination with AM251 administration and no exercise, WLeAM obese rats treated with caloric restriction in combination with physical exercise and AM251 administration. Weight-maintenance interventions (WM) on weeks 16–21: WMs rats treated with diet SD and no exercise, WMe rats treated with diet SD in combination with physical exercise, WMsAM rats treated with diet SD in combination with AM251 administration and no exercise, WMeAM rats treated with diet SD in combination with physical exercise and AM251 administration.