Table 2.
Demographic and metabolic characteristics by OGTT glucose response curve of youth and adult RISE participants at baseline/randomization
| Youth (n = 85) | Adults (n = 353) | P value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | BPh (n = 16) | MPh (n = 60) | IIn (n = 9) | P value for glucose response curve differences in youth | BPh (n = 29) | MPh (n = 273) | IIn (n = 51) | Glucose response curve differences in adults | Youth vs. adults within BPh | Youth vs. adults within MPh | Youth vs. adults within IIn |
| Demographic | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 14.3 ± 1.8 | 14.4 ± 2.0 | 14.4 ± 3.2 | 0.987 | 53.5 ± 7.5 | 52.7 ± 9.3 | 51.8 ± 10.5 | 0.715 | <0.0001 | <0.00001 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 5 (31.2) | 19 (31.7) | 2 (22.2) | 0.933 | 11 (37.9) | 142 (52.0) | 19 (37.2) | 0.072 | 0.652 | 0.004 | 0.369 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
| White | 6 (37.5) | 18 (30.0) | 1 (11.1) | 0.516 | 12 (41.4) | 135 (49.4) | 18 (35.3) | 0.284 | 0.954 | 0.0002 | 0.377 |
| Black | 5 (31.2) | 10 (16.7) | 3 (33.3) | 10 (34.5) | 70 (25.6) | 17 (33.3) | |||||
| Hispanic | 4 (25.0) | 26 (43.3) | 4 (44.4) | 6 (20.7) | 47 (17.2) | 14 (27.4) | |||||
| Other | 1 (6.2) | 6 (10.0) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (3.4) | 21 (7.7) | 2 (3.9) | |||||
| Tanner stage | |||||||||||
| 1–3 | 1 (6.2) | 11 (18.3) | 3 (33.3) | 0.218 | — | — | — | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 4–5 | 15 (93.7) | 49 (81.7) | 6 (66.7) | — | — | — | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 91 ± 20 | 102 ± 24 | 108 ± 31 | 0.150 | 102 ± 17 | 101 ± 19 | 100 ± 16 | 0.964 | 0.063 | 0.644 | 0.242 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.6 ± 5.6 | 37.6 ± 6.2 | 37.3 ± 6.5 | 0.076 | 36.2 ± 5.0 | 34.9 ± 5.2 | 35.8 ± 4.4 | 0.247 | 0.121 | 0.0005 | 0.391 |
| BMI z-score | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 0.041b | – | – | – | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| WC (cm) | 102 ± 13 | 112 ± 13 | 114 ± 14 | 0.028c | 111 ± 10 | 110 ± 13 | 110 ± 13 | 0.957 | 0.013 | 0.449 | 0.366 |
| Metabolic | |||||||||||
| HbA1c | 0.148 | 0.017d | 0.019 | 0.586 | 0.713 | ||||||
| % | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | |||||
| mmol/mol | 36.5 ± 5.6 | 38.9 ± 6.4 | 41.8 ± 8.4 | 40.1 ± 4.2 | 39.3 ± 4.3 | 41.1 ± 4.5 | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 1.3 | 0.006a | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 0.454 | 0.128 | 0.102 | 0.027 |
| 2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 14.4 ± 3.3 | <0.0001a | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 9.8 ± 2.2 | 12.3 ± 2.4 | <0.0001a | 0.667 | 0.863 | 0.022 |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/L) | 1,068 ± 185 | 1,195 ± 198 | 1,454 ± 329 | 0.0002a,b | 1,071 ± 191 | 1,231 ± 200 | 1,240 ± 205 | 0.0002c | 0.932 | 0.405 | 0.022 |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 0.137 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.584 | 0.069 | <0.0001 | 0.009 |
| 2-h C-peptide (nmol/L) | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.9 | 5.7 ± 4.3 | 0.982 | 4.6 ± 1.9 | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 0.897 | 0.080 | <0.0001 | 0.195 |
| C-peptide AUC (nmol/L) | 516 ± 134 | 583 ± 179 | 483 ± 267 | 0.184 | 435 ± 166 | 432 ± 131 | 382 ± 116 | 0.047d | 0.028 | <0.0001 | 0.119 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 210 ± 128 | 287 ± 175 | 292 ± 161 | 0.080 | 117 ± 77 | 125 ± 96 | 135 ± 67 | 0.199 | 0.005 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 |
| 2-h insulin (pmol/L) | 1,860 ± 1,521 | 1,716 ± 1,254 | 2,354 ± 2,733 | 0.978 | 960 ± 722 | 956 ± 712 | 977 ± 489 | 0.409 | 0.013 | <0.0001 | 0.019 |
| Insulin AUC (pmol/L) | 136,074 ± 79,563 | 159,875 ± 96,177 | 147,489 ± 124,885 | 0.382 | 82,827 ± 49,064 | 84,354 ± 51,810 | 67,095 ± 29,966 | 0.075 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%). P values for nonnormally distributed data are based on log-transformed values (insulin). Other for self-reported race/ethnicity includes mixed, Asian, American Indian, and other. Significant comparisons (P < 0.05) across GRCs within each age-group or across age-groups within each GRC are highlighted in bold. GRC, glucose response curve; NA, not applicable; WC, waist circumference.
Pairwise comparison for GRC differences: IIn vs. MPh and BPh.
Pairwise comparison for GRC differences: BPh vs. MPh.
Pairwise comparison for GRC differences: BPh vs. MPh and IIn.
Pairwise comparison for GRC differences: IIn vs. MPh.