Table 1.
Diagnosed or undiagnosed hypertension and DM by citizenship status among U.S. adults, N = 15,201
| Total (N = 15,201) | Native-born citizen (N = 10,618) | Naturalized citizen (N = 2,381) | Noncitizen (N = 2,202) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertension, N (population weighted %) | <0.001 | ||||
| No hypertension | 8,946 (62.7) | 5,993 (61.4) | 1,386 (63.1) | 1,567 (74.3) | |
| Diagnosed hypertension | 5,539 (32.8) | 4,190 (34.5) | 856 (31.3) | 493 (18.6) | |
| Undiagnosed hypertension | 716 (4.5) | 435 (4.1) | 139 (5.6) | 142 (7.1) | |
| Diabetes, N (population weighted %) | <0.001 | ||||
| No diabetes | 12,772 (88.0) | 8,968 (88.2) | 1,915 (85.0) | 1,889 (89.5) | |
| Diagnosed diabetes | 1,999 (10.0) | 1,398 (10.1) | 377 (12.1) | 224 (7.3) | |
| Undiagnosed diabetes | 430 (2.0) | 252 (1.7) | 89 (2.9) | 89 (3.2) | |
| Crude logistic regression models, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Hypertension (ref. no hypertension) | Ref. | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.55 (0.47, 0.65) | ||
| Diabetes (ref. no diabetes) | Ref. | 1.32 (1.16, 1.50) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.02) | ||
| Multivariate logistic regression models, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Hypertension (ref. no hypertension) | Ref. | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | ||
| Diabetes (ref. no diabetes) | Ref. | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | ||
| Crude multinomial regression models, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Hypertension (ref. no hypertension) | |||||
| Diagnosed hypertension | Ref. | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.04) | ||
| Undiagnosed hypertension | Ref. | 1.39 (1.03, 1.87) | 1.78 (1.35, 2.34) | ||
| Diabetes (ref. no diabetes) | |||||
| Diagnosed diabetes | Ref. | 1.24 (1.09, 1.43) | 0.71 (0.60, 0.84) | ||
| Undiagnosed diabetes | Ref. | 1.74 (1.31, 2.31) | 1.81 (1.31, 2.50) | ||
| Multivariate multinomial regression models, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Hypertension (ref. no hypertension) | |||||
| Diagnosed hypertension | Ref. | 1.06 (0.76, 1.49) | 1.28 (0.79, 2.07) | ||
| Undiagnosed hypertension | Ref. | 1.41 (1.01, 1.95) | 1.41 (0.98, 2.03) | ||
| Diabetes (ref. no diabetes) | |||||
| Diagnosed diabetes | Ref. | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 0.80 (0.64, 0.99) | ||
| Undiagnosed diabetes | Ref. | 1.56 (1.18, 2.06) | 2.01 (1.43, 2.83) |
Base comparison group: no hypertension or diabetes. Referent (Ref.): native-born citizens. Multivariate models adjusted for race/ethnicity, sex, age, income, marital status, education, smoking status, activity levels, BMI, and health insurance.