Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants across quintiles of dietary patterns scores, WHI (n = 73,495)
| EDIH*† | EDIP*† | GI‡ | GL‡ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |
| Characteristic | (−9.67 to −0.89) | (−0.36 to 0.05) | (0.54–8.89) | (−11.90 to −0.89) | (−0.26 to 0.19) | (0.68–6.01) | (−12.13 to −0.58) | (−0.08 to 0.35) | (0.85–3.71) | (−8.35 to −0.46) | (0.04–0.46) | (0.98–8.06) |
| Race/ethnicity§ | ||||||||||||
| African American | 517 (3.5) | 786 (5.3) | 1,602 (11) | 398 (2.7) | 732 (5.0) | 1,891 (13) | 585 (4.0) | 755 (5.1) | 1,714 (12) | 785 (5.3) | 878 (6.0) | 1,178 (8.0) |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 27 (0.2) | 55 (0.4) | 66 (0.5) | 43 (0.3) | 44 (0.3) | 78 (0.5) | 61 (0.4) | 41 (0.3) | 63 (0.4) | 53 (0.4) | 55 (0.4) | 47 (0.3) |
| Hispanic American | 360 (2.4) | 486 (3.3) | 760 (5.2) | 203 (1.4) | 390 (2.6) | 1,168 (7.9) | 596 (4.0) | 491 (3.3) | 495 (3.4) | 557 (3.8) | 510 (3.5) | 490 (3.3) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 313 (2.1) | 486 (3.3) | 411 (2.8) | 197 (1.3) | 332 (2.3) | 806 (5.5) | 382 (2.6) | 475 (3.2) | 334 (2.3) | 259 (1.8) | 474 (3.2) | 469 (3.2) |
| European American | 13,269 (90) | 12,709 (86) | 11,633 (79) | 13,670 (93) | 12,997 (88) | 10,499 (71) | 12,854 (88) | 12,741 (87) | 11,887 (81) | 12,869 (88) | 12,552 (85) | 12,289 (84) |
| Other | 213 (1.5) | 177 (1.2) | 227 (1.5) | 188 (1.3) | 204 (1.4) | 257 (1.8) | 221 (1.5) | 196 (1.3) | 206 (1.4) | 176 (1.2) | 230 (1.6) | 226 (1.5) |
| Age, years‖ | 62.9 ± 7.2 | 63.6 ± 7.3 | 62.2 ± 7.3 | 62.7 ± 7.1 | 63.5 ± 7.3 | 62.5 ± 7.4 | 63.5 ± 7.3 | 63.2 ± 7.3 | 62.4 ± 7.2 | 63.1 ± 7.2 | 63.4 ± 7.3 | 62.4 ± 7.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2‖ | 25.6 ± 4.7 | 26.4 ± 5.1 | 28.7 ± 6.2 | 26.1 ± 4.9 | 26.5 ± 5.2 | 28.1 ± 6.1 | 26.3 ± 5.1 | 26.7 ± 5.3 | 27.5 ± 5.7 | 27.4 ± 5.8 | 26.6 ± 5.2 | 26.6 ± 5.4 |
| Under-/normal weight (15 ≤ BMI <25)§ | 7,686 (52) | 6,611 (45) | 4,454 (30) | 7,038 (48) | 6,471 (44) | 5,029 (34) | 6,801 (46) | 6,343 (43) | 5,582 (38) | 5,739 (39) | 6,389 (44) | 6,650 (45) |
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI <30)§ | 4,797 (33) | 5,075 (34) | 4,924 (34) | 5,006 (34) | 5,136 (35) | 4,883 (33) | 5,401 (34) | 5,080 (35) | 4,953 (34) | 4,943 (34) | 5,132 (35) | 4,821 (33) |
| Obese (BMI ≥30)§ | 2,216 (15) | 3,013 (20) | 5,321 (36) | 2,655 (18) | 3,092 (21) | 4,787 (33) | 2,857 (19) | 3,276 (22) | 4,164 (28) | 4,017 (27) | 3,178 (22) | 3,228 (22) |
| WHR‖ | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.79 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 |
| ≤0.85§ | 12,062 (82) | 11,535 (78) | 9,986 (68) | 11,833 (80) | 11,362 (77) | 10,169 (69) | 11,568 (79) | 11,307 (77) | 10,709 (73) | 10,595 (72) | 11,393 (78) | 11,452 (78) |
| >0.85§ | 2,637 (18) | 3,164 (22) | 4,713 (32) | 2,866 (20) | 3,337 (23) | 4,530 (31) | 3,131 (21) | 3,392 (23) | 3,990 (27) | 11,568 (28) | 11,307 (22) | 10,709 (22) |
| Physical activity, MET-h/week‖ | 18.1 ± 16.4 | 14.2 ± 14.1 | 9.6 ± 12.0 | 16.6 ± 15.6 | 14.1 ± 14.1 | 10.8 ± 13.1 | 17.3 ± 16.0 | 14.2 ± 14.2 | 10.3 ±12.6 | 12.0 ± 13.5 | 14.0 ± 14.1 | 16.2 ± 15.9 |
| Pack-years of smoking‖ | 10.7 ± 17.9 | 9.1 ± 17.0 | 10.6 ± 19.5 | 12.9 ± 19.9 | 9.3 ± 17.2 | 8.0 ± 16.7 | 9.9 ± 17.6 | 9.1 ± 16.8 | 10.8 ± 19.2 | 13.9 ± 21.2 | 8.6 ± 16.2 | 8.1 ± 16.2 |
| Current smoking§ | 859 (5.9) | 859 (5.9) | 1,559 (11) | 1,283 (8.9) | 900 (6.2) | 1,060 (7.3) | 828 (5.7) | 888 (6.1) | 1,531 (11) | 1,864 (13) | 801 (5.5) | 658 (4.5) |
| Aspirin/NSAIDs use§ | 1,980 (14) | 1,942 (13) | 1,891 (13) | 2,103 (14) | 2,001 (14) | 1,802 (12) | 1,994 (14) | 1,966 (13) | 1,982 (14) | 2,020 (14) | 2,013 (14) | 1,860 (13) |
| Statin use§ | 293 (2.0) | 342 (2.3) | 307 (2.1) | 270 (1.8) | 327 (2.2) | 341 (2.3) | 286 (2.0) | 314 (2.1) | 320 (2.2) | 200 (1.4) | 340 (2.3) | 395 (2.7) |
| Hypercholesterolemia§ | 1,603 (11) | 1,824 (12) | 1,806 (12) | 1,518 (10) | 1,850 (13) | 1,944 (13) | 1,601 (11) | 1,815 (12) | 1,884 (13) | 1,372 (9.3) | 1,827 (12) | 2,108 (14) |
| Educational level§ | ||||||||||||
| ≤8 years | 238 (1.6) | 280 (1.9) | 425 (2.9) | 167 (1.1) | 232 (1.6) | 599 (4.1) | 287 (2.0) | 275 (1.9) | 392 (2.7) | 326 (2.2) | 316 (2.2) | 309 (2.1) |
| Some high school/high school/GED | 388 (2.7) | 474 (3.3) | 846 (5.8) | 376 (2.6) | 469 (3.2) | 858 (5.9) | 358 (2.5) | 476 (3.3) | 890 (6.1) | 583 (4.0) | 503 (3.4) | 531 (3.7) |
| Some college/associate degree | 2,932 (20) | 3,901 (27) | 4,967 (34) | 3,328 (23) | 3,882 (27) | 4,719 (32) | 2,977 (20) | 3,829 (26) | 5,186 (36) | 4,141 (28) | 3,953 (27) | 3,655 (25) |
| ≥4 years of college | 10,975 (76) | 9,946 (68) | 8,384 (57) | 10,687 (73) | 10,007 (69) | 8,430 (58) | 10,947 (75) | 10,016 (69) | 8,129 (56) | 9,536 (65) | 9,824 (67) | 10,065 (69) |
| Total alcohol intake, servings/week‖¶ | 5.4 ± 8.2 | 2.1 ± 4.0 | 1.7 ± 4.0 | 5.9 ± 8.5 | 2.2 ± 3.9 | 1.0 ± 2.9 | 3.8 ± 6.9 | 2.7 ± 4.7 | 1.9 ± 4.7 | 6.1 ± 8.9 | 2.0 ± 3.4 | 1.2 ± 2.8 |
GED, General Educational Development; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
*
EDIP, EDIH, GI, and GL scores were adjusted for total energy intake using the residual method. Lower EDIP indicates anti-inflammatory dietary patterns, while higher EDIP scores indicate proinflammatory dietary patterns. Lower EDIH indicates low insulinemic dietary patterns, while a higher score indicates hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns.
†
Food components of the EDIH and EDIP scores (servings per day) in the WHI are listed in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4.
‡
GI and GL were calculated from total carbohydrates.
¶
Alcohol serving was the sum of: beer (one glass, one bottle, or one can), wine (4-oz glass of red wine or white wine), and liquor (one drink or one shot whiskey, gin, etc.).
§
Data are means ± SD.
‖
Data are frequency (%).