Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for the associations of risk factors with complications in U.S. adults with newly diagnosed diabetes (diagnosed within the past 2 years), NHANES 1988–2018*
| Any complication† | Any microvascular complication | Any self-reported cardiovascular disease | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 20–44 years (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 45–64 years | 1.56 (0.93–2.62) | 1.25 (0.69–2.26) | 2.68 (1.02–7.03) |
| 65 years | 2.86 (1.66–4.94) | 2.14 (1.21–3.79) | 8.28 (3.41–20.15) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mexican American | 0.67 (0.45–1.01) | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.48 (0.25–0.91) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 0.88 (0.62–1.26) | 1.09 (0.67–1.78) |
| Sex | |||
| Female (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Male | 1.31 (0.90–1.91) | 1.06 (0.73–1.54) | 1.50 (0.94–2.40) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio | |||
| ≥350% (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 130–350% | 1.98 (1.22–3.23) | 1.58 (0.97–2.58) | 1.82 (0.96–3.42) |
| <130% | 1.81 (1.11–2.97) | 1.49 (0.91–2.44) | 2.04 (1.03–4.01) |
| Education level | |||
| College graduate (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Some college | 1.63 (0.88–3.02) | 1.14 (0.60–2.18) | 2.13 (0.94–4.82) |
| ≥ High school | 2.31 (1.36–3.92) | 1.68 (0.97–2.93) | 2.43 (1.16–5.08) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Former | 1.69 (1.09–2.61) | 1.22 (0.78–1.93) | 1.81 (1.07–3.08) |
| Current | 1.80 (1.10–2.95) | 1.48 (0.90–2.42) | 2.46 (1.29–4.67) |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | |||
| No (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.50 (1.04–2.18) | 1.23 (0.85–1.77) | 1.56 (0.99–2.45) |
Ref, reference.
*
Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
†
Defined as any microvascular complication (chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, or lower-extremity disease) or any self-reported cardiovascular disease (history of congestive heart failure, heart attack, or stroke).