Fig. 4.

Projected transboundary range shifts for terrestrial mammals and birds under climate change (RCP 8.5). Maps of the world’s political borders colored according to the number of (A) mammals and (B) birds whose ranges are projected to cross that border by 2070 (in either direction). For mammals, transboundary range movement is highest in western Amazonia, the United States–Mexico border, central and east Africa, the China–Russia border, and the Himalayan region. For birds, western Amazonia is the focus of transboundary range shifts. For a moderate emissions scenario of RCP 4.5, see SI Appendix, Fig. S3. (C) Political borders with barriers (complete or under construction) along them, colored according to the number of nonflying mammal species whose ranges are projected to cross that border by 2070 (in either direction).