Fig. 1.

Synthesis and bioadhesion of CPT-loaded PLA-HPG NNPs and BNPs. (A) NP synthesis schematic. (B) Transmission electron microscopy images of NNP-CPT and BNP-CPT particles. Following NNP oxidation with sodium periodate, BNPs retain their spherical morphology, indicating that conversion does not compromise the structure of the BNPs. (Scale bar: 100 nm.) (C) CPT-loaded NNPs and BNPs show similar temporal drug release kinetics in 1× PBS at 37 °C. Both NNP-CPT and BNP-CPT show the gradual release of drug over 24 h. (D) Quantification of bioadhesion of NNPs and BNPs in proteinaceous environments following rigorous washing. When quantifying bioadhesion, (E) BNP-CPT demonstrated superior adherence compared to NNP-CPT. Data normalized to unwashed controls. ****P < 0.0001, Student’s t test; n = 5.