Table 2.
Metabolic parameters
| NHW | HW | NHB | Overall ANOVA P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver measures | ||||
| Liver fat, % | 4.4 (2.6-8.5) | 6.3 (4.0-12.0) | 4.9 (3.5-5.7) | .057 |
| AST, IU/L | 32 (27-41) | 38 (32-52) | 37 (28-49) | .081 |
| ALT, IU/L | 35 (27-41) | 39 (30-50) | 27 (21-40) | .041 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.1 (1.0-4.1) | 2.5 (1.0-5.5) | 6.4 (4.4-9.4)b,d | .004 |
| Body composition | ||||
| Visceral fat, g | 85 ± 5 | 85 ± 4 | 78 ± 7 | .428 |
| Subcutaneous fat, g | 456 ± 18 | 468 ± 18.94 | 541 ± 43 | .672 |
| Fat mass (%) | 44 (41-46) | 43 (4-40)7 | 45 (42-48) | .719 |
| Lean mass (%) | 50 ± 1 | 49 ± 1 | 57 ± 2.4 | .966 |
| Lipid parameters | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 156 ± 5 | 151 ± 5 | 162 ± 9 | .999 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 39 ± 1 | 34 ± 1a | 39 ± 2d | .004 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 93 (73-127) | 83 (66-111) | 96 (79-133) | .260 |
| TGs, mg/dL | 109 (76-148) | 128 (105-165) | 95 (79-115)d | .011 |
| Glycemic parameters | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 84 (81-92) | 89 (84-95) | 88 (86-94) | .202 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/mL | 22 (16-30) | 29 (18-40) | 25 (19-54) | .158 |
| Fasting C peptide, mU/mL | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2a | 3.0 ± 0.4 | .017 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 (5.1-5.4) | 5.5 (4.9-5.7)c | 5.7 (5.2-6.1)c,d | < .001 |
| OGTT 2-h glucose, mg/dL | 129 (114-151) | 134 (121-158) | 132 (119-180) | .479 |
| OGTT 2-h insulin, mU/mL | 168 (92-355) | 256 (153-513) | 123 (86-275) | .076 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (25th-75th). Significant P values are in bold.
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ANOVA, analysis of variance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HW, Hispanic White; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NHB, non-Hispanic Black; NHW, non-Hispanic White; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; TGs, triglycerides.
a Post hoc P less than .05 to .01 compared to HW participants.
b Post hoc P less than .01 to .001 compared to NHW participants.
c Post hoc P less than .001 compared to NHW participants.
d Post hoc P less than .05 to .01 compared to HW participants.