Table 1.
Data sources and definitions of indicators for the vulnerability of COVID-19 in Ethiopia
| Indicators | Data sources | Spatial resolution | Definitions |
| Demographic indicators | |||
| Male sex | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of male populations divided by the total number of people participated in the survey |
| Older age | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people with age ≥65 years divided by the total number of people participated in the survey |
| Socioeconomic indicators | |||
| Population density | WorldPop | 1 km×1 km | Number of people per square kilometre (grid) |
| Number of household members | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Average number of people living in a house |
| Low wealth index | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Number of people with low wealth index (poorer and poorest) divided by the total number of people participated in the survey |
| Connectivity indicators | |||
| Travel times to cities | MAP | 1 km×1 km | Travel time in minutes to the nearest city with a population of more than 50 000 |
| Proximity to national borders | DHS Spatial Repository | Latitude and longitude point | The geodesic distance to the nearest international borders |
| Distance to major roads | World Bank | District | Distance in km to cross-country round |
| Climatic indicators | |||
| Mean temperature | WorldClime | 1 km×1 km | Annual mean environmental air temperature (°C) |
| Mean precipitation | WorldClime | 1 km×1 km | Annual mean rainfall (mm) |
| Wind speed | WorldClime | 1 km×1 km | Annual mean wind speed (m s-1) |
| Solar radiation | WorldClime | 1 km×1 km | Annual mean solar radiation (kJ m-2 day-1) |
| Water vapour pressure | WorldClime | 1 km×1 km | Annual mean water vapour pressure (kPa), equivalent to absolute humidity |
| Behavioural indicators | |||
| Khat chewing | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people chewing khat in the last 1 month prior to the survey divided by the total number of people participating in the survey |
| Alcohol drinking | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people drinking alcohol in the month prior to the survey divided by the total number of people participating in the survey |
| Cigarette smoking | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people currently smoke cigarettes divided by the total number of people participating in the survey |
| Cooking inside the household | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of households where cooking takes place inside the house without a separate building or outdoors (ie, exposure to smoke inside the home) divided by the total number of households in the survey |
| Use solid fuel for cooking | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Number of households used some type of solid fuel (wood, dung, grass, crop) for cooking food divided by all households in the survey |
| Disease prevention knowledge indicators | |||
| Adult illiteracy rate | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of adults (aged 15 years and above) who had not attended school or who cannot read and write divided by the total number of adults participated in the survey |
| Access to listen to the radio | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people who had not access to listen to the radio divided by total survey participants |
| Access to watch TV | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people have no access to watch television divided by total survey participants |
| Mobile phone ownership | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people have no access to mobile phone divide by the total number of survey participants |
| Knowledge toward HIV | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Number of people with poor knowledge towards HIV divided by the total number of people participating in the survey |
| Hand hygiene indicators | |||
| Travel time to water sources | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Mean travel time in minutes to obtain water source (ie, access to a water source) |
| Place for handwashing | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Number of households have no fixed or mobile place for handwashing divided by total number of households in the survey |
| Soap or detergent availability for handwashing | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Number of households have no essential handwashing agents (ie, soap, and detergent) divided by total household in the survey |
| Comorbidities indicators | |||
| HTN | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people with HTN divided by the total number of survey participants |
| DM | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people with DM divided by the total number of survey participants |
| BMI | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Mean body mass index |
| CVD | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people with heart disease divided by total number of people in the survey |
| Cholesterol | EPHI STEPS | Latitude and longitude point | Mean cholesterol level |
| HIV prevalence | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Total number of people with HIV divided by survey participants |
| TB SMR | EMOH | District | Standardised morbidity ratio (SMR) as measured by observed number of TB cases divided by the expected number of TB cases |
| Service availability and readiness indicators | |||
| Healthcare access problem | EDHS 2016 | Latitude and longitude point | Difficulty of getting advice or treatment due to lack of money, or distance to a health facility |
| General service readiness and availability | EPHI SARA | Latitude and longitude point | Availability of equipment and supplies (ie, basic amenities, equipment, standard precautions, diagnostic capacity, essential medicines) necessary to provide general health services |
| ICU availability | EPHI SARA | Latitude and longitude point | Availability of Critical Care Services (ICU) in hospitals |
| CRD readiness index | EPHI SARA | Latitude and longitude point | Availability of specific services for chronic respiratory disease (CRD) diagnosis, management and follow-up |
| TB readiness index | EPHI SARA | Latitude and longitude point | Availability of specific services for tuberculosis diagnosis, management and follow-up |
| Diabetes readiness index | EPHI SARA | Latitude and longitude point | Availability of specific service for diabetes diagnosis and management and follow-up |
EDHS, Ethiopia ddemographic and Health Survey; EMOH, Ethiopia Ministry of Health; EPHI, Ethiopia Public Health Institute; G-Econ, Geographically based Economic data; ICU, intensive care unit; MAP: SRTM, Malaria Atlas Project; Shuttle Radar Topography Mission; UN OCHA, United Nation Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; SARA, Service Availability and Readiness Assessment.