FIGURE 2.

Approximate geographical distribution of Asian population clusters pointed out by ADMIXTURE analysis and their relative position with respect to known centers of rice/millet domestication. Blue clusters showed predominant South Asian ancestry, while red ones are enriched for East and South East Asian ancestry. Labels of each cluster are reported as described in the legend of Figure 1b. Red concentric circles indicate archaeological sites along the Yangtze River valley in Eastern China where remains suggesting usual consumption of wild rice have been dated to at least 12,000 years ago and where O. sativa japonica was early domesticated. From there, rice agriculture diffused primarily to the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Green concentric circles indicate archaeological sites in the Hebei and Manchuria provinces of Northern China where remains suggesting early cultivation of broomcorn millet and foxtail millet were found. Populations native from these and the nearby regions thus represent the candidate clusters tested for adaptations to cereal‐based diets and are highlighted by bold circles. Conversely, all the remaining clusters were used as control groups (i.e., populations not expected to have evolved adaptations to cereal‐based diets despite using rice as a staple food). Blue concentric circles indicate archaeological sites across the Indo‐Gangetic Plain where evidence for more recent domestication of O. sativa indica was found. Such a domestication process was likely enabled by hybridization of O. sativa japonica from China with the local proto‐indica rice