Table 2.

Typical imaging findings of main acute hepatic infections

Hepatic infection	Typical imaging findings
Pyogenic	Uni/multilocular lesion, multiple tiny lesions coalesce to form a larger lesion (cluster sign), “double target” sign
Tuberculosis	Hepatomegaly, multiple diffuse tiny lesions (miliary form), a non-specific unilocular lesion
Brucellosis	Hepatomegaly, multiple diffuse tiny lesions with possible thick peripheral enhancement, unilocular lesion with central calcification
Bartonellosis	Multiple non-specific lesions up to 3 cm
Hepatitis viruses	Hepatomegaly, “starry sky” sign on US, periportal edema, hepatic hilum lymph node enlargement, gallbladder wall thickening
HIV	Hepatomegaly, periportal lymph node enlargement, HIV cholangiopathy presented with papillary stenosis, long extrahepatic bile duct stenosis and irregular aspect of intrahepatic bile ducts
Candidiasis	“Wheel-within-a-wheel” sign, “bull’s eye” sign, focal fibrosis on area of prior inflammation, focal scars and calcifications
Histoplasmosis	Multiple non-specific small nodules
Cystic echinococcosis	CE	Unilocular anechoic well-defined lesion with imperceptible wall
	CL1	Snowstorm sign
	CL2	Rosette sign
	CL3a	Water-lily sign
	CL3b	Cystic lesion containing multiple daughter cysts
	CL4	Ball of wool sign
	CL5	Partially or entirely calcified cyst
Alveolar echinococcosis	Type 1	Multilocular small cysts without solid component
	Type 2	Multilocular small cysts with solid component
	Type 3	Solid component which envelop large cyst and multiple small cysts
	Type 4	Solid component without cystic part
	Type 5	A unilocular large cyst
Amebic	“Double target” sign, lesions with central hypoattenuation slightly more attenuating than water on CT
Schistosomiasis	Hepatomegaly, periportal fibrosis, “turtle back” or “tortoise shell” sign
Fascioliasis	Patchy and linear ill-defined subcapsular lesions converging from the hepatic capsule toward the hepatic hilum, focal thickening and enhancement of Glisson capsule, thickening and dilatation of biliary ducts
Ascariasis	Tubular structures in the biliary tree corresponding to adult worms, hepatic abscess as non-specific focal lesion
Clonorchiasis	Mild diffuse peripheral intrahepatic bile duct dilatation reaching the subcapsular area with relative sparing of extrahepatic bile duct, thickening of bile duct wall with increased periductal enhancement, stenosis of intrahepatic bile ducts

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, EBV Epstein–Barr virus, US ultrasound, CT Computed tomography