Table 5.
Associations of severe COVID-19 with drug classes listed by Laporte and Healy (2020), restricted to those not resident in a care home
| Univariate | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (33,803) | Cases (2357) | Rate ratio (95% CI) | p value | Rate ratio (95% CI) | p value | |
| 103050.Proton pump inhibitors | 12,745 (38%) | 1168 (50%) | 1.81 (1.66, 1.98) | 7×10−39 | 1.44 (1.31, 1.58) | 1×10−13 |
| 102000.Antispasmodic and other drugs altering gut motility | 1226 (4%) | 132 (6%) | 1.73 (1.42, 2.10) | 3×10−8 | 1.07 (0.87, 1.32) | 0.5 |
| 304010.Antihistamines | 2556 (8%) | 263 (11%) | 1.61 (1.40, 1.85) | 4×10−11 | 1.30 (1.13, 1.51) | 4×10−4 |
| 401010.Hypnotics | 1395 (4%) | 157 (7%) | 1.74 (1.45, 2.09) | 2×10−9 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.9 |
| 401020.Anxiolytics | 1308 (4%) | 184 (8%) | 2.17 (1.83, 2.58) | 3×10−19 | 1.25 (1.04, 1.51) | 0.02 |
| 402010.Antipsychotic drugs | 526 (2%) | 151 (6%) | 4.18 (3.42, 5.11) | 6×10−44 | 2.80 (2.24, 3.51) | 2×10−19 |
| 402030.Drugs used for mania and hypomania | 67 (0%) | 10 (0%) | 2.53 (1.26, 5.10) | 0.009 | 0.93 (0.43, 1.98) | 0.8 |
| 403010.Tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs | 2761 (8%) | 268 (11%) | 1.59 (1.38, 1.83) | 1×10−10 | 1.10 (0.94, 1.27) | 0.2 |
| 403030.Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors | 2913 (9%) | 300 (13%) | 1.60 (1.40, 1.83) | 4×10−12 | 1.18 (1.03, 1.36) | 0.02 |
| 403040.Other antidepressant drugs | 1561 (5%) | 259 (11%) | 2.71 (2.34, 3.14) | 8×10−40 | 1.76 (1.50, 2.07) | 6×10−12 |
| 406000.Drugs used in nausea and vertigo | 1798 (5%) | 213 (9%) | 1.95 (1.67, 2.29) | 1×10−16 | 1.42 (1.20, 1.68) | 4×10−5 |
| 407020.Opioid analgesics | 3371 (10%) | 483 (20%) | 2.60 (2.32, 2.92) | 1×10−59 | 1.83 (1.61, 2.08) | 1×10−20 |
| Gabapentinoids | 1742 (5%) | 253 (11%) | 2.29 (1.98, 2.65) | 1×10−28 | 1.38 (1.18, 1.62) | 8×10−5 |
| Other drugs used for epilepsy | 754 (2%) | 100 (4%) | 1.85 (1.48, 2.30) | 5×10−8 | 1.36 (1.08, 1.71) | 0.009 |
| 409020.Antimuscarinic drugs used in parkinsonism | 30 (0%) | 7 (0%) | 2.97 (1.26, 7.03) | 0.01 | 0.90 (0.37, 2.21) | 0.8 |
| 704020.Drugs for urinary frequency enuresis and incontinence | 1626 (5%) | 133 (6%) | 1.36 (1.12, 1.64) | 0.002 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.8 |
| 1001010.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 2373 (7%) | 206 (9%) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.36) | 0.05 | 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 0.1 |
Multivariate rate ratios are based on a joint model with all drug classes in the table and SIMD quintile as covariates