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. 2021 Feb 8;11:610213. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.610213

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Copyright © 2021 López–Noriega and Rutter

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in pancreatic β-cells. In the nucleus, lncRNAs, such as PLUTO, regulate the transcription of target genes (PDX1) by modulating enhancer/promoter interactions. Other LncRNAs, including ROIT and KCNQ1OT1, interact with chromatin remodeling proteins. The lncRNA GAS5 has been shown to act as a decoy for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), inhibiting the expression of GR target genes. Finally, MALAT1 has been found to be located in the nucleus (regulating PTBP1 protein stability) as well as in the cytoplasm of β-cells, where it interacts with miRNA-17. Cytosolic lncRNAs can also modulate mRNA stability or affect protein-protein interactions or their subcellular localization.