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. 2021 Feb 8;11:614990. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.614990

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Copyright © 2021 Fisher, Lanigan, Upton and Lione.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Integrated bidirectional research approach for neuropathic pain: Linking animal and human biology data. RCT (randomised clinical trial), FTIH (First time in human), TV (target validation), STZ (Streptozocin), PDN (painful diabetic neuropathy), PK (Pharmacokinetic), VAS (Visual analogue scale), TCA (tricyclic antidepressant), SNRI (serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitor). Bidirectional research illustrates the targets/mechanisms that have successfully translated forward (from preclinical research), back (from clinical research), under development (e.g. α2δ1, blue) and failed (e.g., Neurokinin 1 (NK-1), red) novel targets/mechanisms identified from preclinical research.