Table 1.
State of the art of clinical anti-cytokine and anti-chemokine receptor compounds in T1D patients.
| Drug name | Molecule type | Target | Mechanism of action | Effects on beta cell | Trial | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Etanercept | Recombinant fusion protein | TNFα | Soluble TNFα Receptor fusion protein able to bind and block TNFα activity | Indirect effect: lower A1C and increased endogenous insulin production | NCT00730392 (phase II) | Closed 01/2008 | (48) |
| Canakinumab | mAb | IL-1 | Neutralization of IL-1 signaling | Direct effect: blocks direct and hyper-glycemia mediated beta cell toxicity | NCT00947427 (phase II) | Open | (49) |
| Anakinra | Recombinant protein | IL-1 | IL-1 competitive receptor antagonist | NCT00711503 (phase II) | Closed 06/2012 | (49) | |
| Tocilizumab | mAb | IL-6R | IL-6 Receptor inhibitor | Unknown | NCT02293837 (phase II) | Closed 08/2020 | (50) |
| Ladarixin | Small molecule | CXCR1/2 | CXCR1/2 allosteric not competitive inhibitor | Indirect effect: reduction recruiting CXCR1/2+ cells and delay in the c-peptide decline compared to the placebo arm | NCT02814838 (phase II) | Closed 10/2019 | (51) |
Monoclonal antibody (mAb).