Table 1.
List of some known authophagy inducing compounds and their applications in TB treatment.
| AICs | Mechanism of action | References |
|---|---|---|
| Carbamazepine | Neutralization of TNF-α activity | (Schiebler et al., 2015) |
| Vitamin D3 | Upregulation of the expression of Atg5 and Beclin-1. Plus, stimulation of the production of CAMP, DEFB4, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. | (Yuk et al., 2009; Campbell and Spector, 2012) |
| SMERs 18 and 28 | Induction of autophagosome formation by activating Atg5. | (Floto et al., 2007) |
| Rapamycin | Inhibition of the activity TOR proteins (e.g. mTOR in mammals). | (Floto et al., 2007) |
| Baicalin | Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signal pathway. | (Zhang et al., 2017) |
| AZD0530 | Inhibition of Src kinase activity. | (Chandra et al., 2016a; Chandra et al., 2016b) |
| Fluoxetine | Increase the production of TNF-α. | (Stanley et al., 2014) |
| Ambroxol | Activate of Atg5 (possibly). | (Choi et al., 2018) |
| loperamide | Reduction of TNF-α production and p62 degradation. | (Juárez et al., 2016) |
| Trehalose | Activation of PIKFYVE resulting in TFEB nuclear translocation in a MCOLN1-dependent manner. | (Sharma et al., 2020) |