Fig. 2.

Molecular therapy of injured cardiac tissues. Some molecules promote repair (blue line), while others inhibit repair (red line) after cardiac injury. Growth factors such as VEGFA, FGF2, and NRG1, the NRG1 receptors ERBB2 and ERBB4, exosomes, and miR-199a or miR-590 restore cardiac function. miR-199a or miR-590, the miR-17-92 cluster, miR-214, miR-302-367, and miR-222 induce CM proliferation. The miR-17-92 cluster, miR-214, miR-302-367, miR-222 and miR-199a or miR-590 reduce fibrosis. FGF2 and exosomes reduce infarct size. Exosomes, Nrf2 and Pitx2 scavenge ROS. Pitx2 also regulates electron transport. Exosomes can act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication. NRG1 and its receptors ERBB2 and ERBB4 and VEGFA improve vascular regeneration. VEGFA also improves local coronary blood flow