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. 2021 Feb 22;6:79. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00455-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Cell therapy of injured cardiac tissues. iPSCs can differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes in vitro. Heart-derived cells can differentiate into many types of heart cells. GMT or GHMT mixtures reprogram mouse fibroblasts to differentiate into iCMs, and Smarcd3 reprograms mouse fibroblasts to differentiate into cardiac progenitor cells in vitro. MSCs differentiate into CMs in the presence of 5-aza or in coculture with cardiac progenitor cells. However, reprogramming human fibroblasts requires GMT or GHMT mixtures and troponin, MESP1, ESRRγ and ZFPM2, was well as miR-1 and miR-133. Human fibroblasts can be transformed into cardiac progenitor cells with c-ETS2 and MESP1